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Engaging Grammar: Practical Advice for Real Classrooms Presented by Amy Benjamin www.amybenjamin.com “ I’ve never known a person who wasn’t interested in language.” -Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct I teaching grammar. I never “really” learned it. Shouldn’t they already have had this in the lower grades? Do kids really have to learn all these terms? I loved it! I thought diagramming sentences was fun! There’s no interesting way to teach grammar. It’s just drill and workbook. M Seeing Grammar With New Eyes Visuals Manipulatives Role-Play Problem-solving Wordplay Inquiry Respect for Language Change and Variation Inductive Reasoning High Level of Student Engagement Sentence Renovation: Four Forms 16 Cards: Lily (2) is commas (3) period the best athlete at our school wants to be a senator in the government yearns aspires intends our school’s 1. 2. 3. 4. Additions Deletions Rearrangements Replacements Procedure: As demonstrated, set up a group of students as two sentences: Lily wants to be a senator in government. Lily is the best athlete. ADDITION: Add the prepositional phrase: “at our school” to “the best athlete” (The prepositional phrase makes the sentence more specific.) DELETION: 1. Delete “in the government” because it is redundant. (All senators serve in some kind of government). 2. Create an appositive out of “the best athlete at our school” to eliminate the sentence with the weak verb and create a single sentence that has dimension (appositive) REARRANGEMENT: Switch “Lily” and “the best athlete at our school”; switch “at our school” and “the best athlete” (You will need a comma after “at our school” if it begins the sentence.) REPLACEMENT: 1. Replace the weak verb “wants” with “yearns,” “aspires,” “intends” 2. Replace “the best athlete at our school” with “our school’s best athlete” (This change does not necessarily improve the sentence—it just makes it a little different.) The Language Tree Adjective Branches: very___________ Noun Branches: Verb Branches: very___________ very___________ the______________ can___________ can___________ very___________ the______________ the______________ the______________ the______________ the______________ very___________ can___________ can___________ can___________ can___________ Prepositional Phrase Branches: in________________ on________________ at_______________ for________________ with________________ Topic: ______________________________ Sentence Patterns S-V* S-V-O** Rocks explode. Geologists study rocks. Rocks explode spontaneously. S-V-C*** Some rocks are expensive. Granite is a kind of rock. Diamonds are sparkly. Geologists take rocks A kind of rock is granite. seriously. Granite is hard. Diamonds sparkle garishly. *SV: Subject-Verb: This pattern uses an intransitive verb. Intransitive verbs take no direct object. **S-V-O: Subject-Verb-Object: This pattern uses a transitive verb. Transitive verbs take direct objects. (Direct objects answer Who? Or What? They are used with action verbs only. ***S-V-C: Subject-Verb-Complement: This pattern uses a linking verb. Linking verbs take subject complements, which can be either nouns (and when pronouns, are in the subjective case) or adjectives. Now Entering the Complete Sentence Zone: Test One: The “Guess What!” test How it works: Say “Guess What!” in front of a group of words. If the group of words tells you “guess what!” then you have a complete sentence! Building UP a Noun Phrase Proper Nouns: Dee Dee, Bailey, Curtis, Patrick, Zoe, Beverly, Wilma, Neville, Kilroy, Hamilton, Patricia, Genevieve, Daphne, Bryce, Grant, Vincente, Fillmore, Stephen, Marcus, Sylvester, Maurice, Griffith, Rosaleen, Ramona, Annabella, Jebediah, Johann, Eden, Vander, Ernesto, Cornelius, Crockett, Marla, Nathaniel, Woody, Zoltan Ramsey, Miranda, Manfred, Ziporah, Charlotte, Regan, Edmund, Owen, Jasper, Burke, Sebastian, Herbert, Ziggy, Violet, Xander, Juolian, Josephine, Leo, Indiana, Booker, Clifford, Clementine, Yolanda, Wendell, Murdock, Larkspur Harper, Hester, Malcolm, Hattie Mae, Ezra, Jem, Barton, Maximillian, Aloysius, Ignacio, Nestor, Randall, Dougal, Beatrice, Zephyr Characteristics (Adjectives): Adjectives answer stolid, strange, strong, strict, stubborn, studious, sophisticated, successful, sullen, supercilious, superstitious, surly, suspicious, sweet, taciturn, tactful, talented, talkative, tasteful, tenacious, tense, terrified, thankful, thoughtful, thoughtless, threatening, thrifty, timid, touchy, trendy, trusting, trustworthy, truthful, uncouth, unctuous, unfriendly, unruly, uncivilized, unscrupulous, unselfish, useful, valiant versatile, vivacious, warm, watchful, weak, weary, weird, whimsical, wise, wishy-washy, wistful, witty, worried, wrathful, wretched, wrong naïve, neat, negligent, nervous, noisy, obedient, obliging, optimistic, peaceful, pensive, persevering, persistent, pessimistic, petulant, picky, plain, pleasant, pitiful, polite, pompous, poor, popular, quarrelsome, quick, quiet, quixotic, rambunctious, rash, respectful, restless, retiring, rich, risk-taking, rowdy, rude, sad, scornful, sarcastic, satisfied, scared, secretive, secure, sedate, self-centered, selfish, self-reliant, sensitive, serious, shrewd, shy, silly, sincere, skillful, slovenly, sly, smart, sneaky, snobbish, sociable, stingy Characteristics (Adjectives): gloomy, glum, gregarious, grateful, greedy, grouchy, grumpy, gullible, happy, hard-hearted, hard-working, health-conscious, harried, hateful, haughty, helpful, helpless, honest, hopeful, hospitable, humble, humorous, ignorant, imaginative, immaculate, immature, impartial, impatient, impolite, impudent, impulsive, independent, industrious, insistent, insolent, industrious, insistent, inventive, jealous, jovial, joyful, lackadaisical, languid, lazy, light-hearted, lively, logical, lonely, lucky, malicious, mean, messy, meticulous, mischievous, moody, mysterious active, adventurous, affectionate, afraid, ambitious, amiable, angry, animated, babyish, bewildered, blasé, bold, boorish, bored, bossy, brave, bright, brilliant, busy, calm, candid, capable, careful, caustic, cautious, charismatic, conceited, charming, cheerful, clever, clumsy, coarse, cold-hearted, courageous, cowardly, cross, cultured, curious, dangerous, considerate, cooperative conscientious Roles: (common nouns) lifeguard, philosopher, scientist, shoemaker, matador, explorer, inventor, court jester, makeup artist, treasure hunter, student, drangon slayer, carpenter, jeweler, candymaker, ventriloquist, fisherman, nurse, banker, tyrant, butcher, reporter, web designer, programmer secret agent, flight attendant, cashier, beekeeper, gladiator, clockmaker, superhero, innkeeper, botanist, magician’s assistant; racecar driver, wizard, game show host, dentist, food taster, actor cake decorator, sky-diver, birdwatcher, trapeze artist; librarian, stamp collector, tight-rope walker; dog trainer, dishwasher, cyclist; bodyguard, prime suspect, ichthyologist, manicurist, sheriff, piano tuner, stuntman, composer, tour guide, principal, knight, exterminator, factory worker, roofer, sailor, impersonator, park ranger, mathematician, balloonist, guitarist, welder, window washer, weatherman, scout juggler, cowboy, clown, astronaut, anesthesiologist, zookeeper, crossing guard, vegetarian, seamstress, thief, comedian Clarence was a strange and gloomy cake decorator. Now, condense the sentence into a noun phrase that has an appositive: Clarence, a strange and gloomy cake decorator, Verbs (actions): hides, can hide, is hiding, could have been hiding, was hiding, may be hiding turns, might turn, is turning, should have been turning, was turning, might be turning smiled, may smile, has been smiling, was smiling, would be smiling, could have been smiling enjoys, enjoyed, is enjoying, could be enjoying, could have enjoyed, may be enjoying steals, stole, has stolen, is stealing, has been stealing, was stealing, might be stealing kicks, kicked, has bee kicking, has kicked, should have been kicking, had been kicking fix, fixed, has fixed, has been fixing, should have been fixing, had been fixing, was fixing complains, has been complaining, has complained, was complaining, complained notices, will notice, will be noticing, has noticed, noticed, might notice, should have noticed Direct Object (if needed) If necessary, add a noun (or pronoun) that completes the action. Adverb Add a word or words that answer one of the questions that adverbs answer: How? How often? When? Where? Why? Prepositional Phrase Add a prepositional phrase that gives more information about any noun or verb in the sentence. (A preposition is a word that will fit into the frame “Somewhere ____the rainbow.”