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Parallelism
Not parallel:
Mike likes bowling, ice-skating,
dancing, and to draw.
Not Parallel:
Mike likes bowling, ice-skating, dancing, and to draw.
Parallel:
Mike likes bowling, ice-skating,
dancing, and drawing.
Mike likes to bowl, to ice-skate,
to dance, and to draw.
Mike likes to bowl, ice-skate,
dance, and draw.
Not parallel:
Mike likes bowling, ice-skating, dancing,
gerund
gerund
gerund
and to draw.
infinitive verb
Parallel:
Mike likes bowling, ice-skating, dancing, and
gerund
drawing.
gerund
gerund
gerund
Not parallel:
• She likes cake, movies, and talking
on the phone.
Not Parallel: She likes cake,
noun
movies, and talking on the phone.
noun
verb
prep.
noun
Not Parallel: She likes cake, movies,
noun
noun
and talking on the phone.
verb
noun
Parallel: She likes eating cake, watching
verb
noun
verb
movies, and talking on the phone.
noun
verb
noun
Not Parallel
The tragedy in “The Veldt” is caused by
the parents’ neglect, the children, and the
adjective
noun
ravaging lions.
participle
noun
noun
Parallel
The psychologist, the children, and the
noun
noun
parents all play a role in the tragedy.
noun
Not parallel:
• Dominic doesn’t have enough time to play
soccer, join the debate team, and band.
• Correct this sentence so that it is
parallel:
Parallel Subjects
The carefully trimmed trees in front of
the yard and the spectacularly clean
patio in the back revealed the
meticulous nature of the homeowner.
Parallel Subjects
The carefully trimmed trees in front
adverb
adjective
noun
compound preposition
of the yard and the spectacularly
noun / object of the preposition
adverb
clean patio in the back revealed the
adjective
noun
preposition
noun/ object of the preposition
meticulous nature of the homeowner.
Parallel Adverbs and Verbs
The agency had frequently
adverb
received but seldom revealed a
verb
adverb
verb
large number of crank calls.
Parallel Objects
The doctor carefully examined the heel,
the ankle, and the toes.
Parallel Verbs and Objects
Mom went to Judy’s room and
gave her a drink, pulled up her
blanket, and kissed her forehead.
Parallel Verbs and Objects
Mom went to Judy’s room and
gave her a drink, pulled up her
verb
indirect object
direct object
verb
blanket, and kissed her
direct object
forehead.
direct object
verb
pronoun as adjective
adverb
pronoun as adjective
Parallel Prepositional Phrases
• The dropped apple floated down the
river and under the bridge.
Parallelism of an Entire Sentence
The goal of a theoretical science
is the truth, but the goal of a
practical science is performance.
--Aristotle
Parallelism of Two Sentences
• After the first test, which used the rubber
seal, the cylinder showed a ten-centimeter
stain on the underside. After the second
test, which used the new neoprone seal,
the cylinder was completely unblemished
underneath.
CHIASMUS
Reverse parallelism.
Balanced elements are presented
in reverse order.
Parallelism vs. Chiasmus
PARALLELISM
The code breakers worked constantly but succeeded rarely.
verb
adverb
verb
adverb
CHIASMUS
The code breakers worked constantly but rarely succeeded.
verb
adverb
adverb
verb
Parallelism vs. Chiasmus
Parallelism
What is learned willingly is forgotten gladly.
verb
adverb
verb
adverb
Chiasmus
What is learned willingly is gladly forgotten.
verb
adverb
adverb
verb
Antithesis
Contrasts two ideas by placing
them side by side in parallel
structure.
Antithesis
To create a contrast, statements of
antithesis often use words like “but” or
“yet.”
However, many statements of antithesis do
not use “but” or “yet.”
Antithesis
Contrasts two ideas by placing them side by
side in parallel structure.
The first time man walked on the moon Neil
Armstrong said:
“That’s one small step for man, one
giant leap for mankind.”
Antithesis
Contrasts two ideas by placing them
side by side in parallel structure.
“Success makes us proud; failure
makes us wise.”
.
Antithesis
Contrasts two ideas by placing them
side by side in parallel structure.
“To err is human; to forgive, divine.”
--Alexander Pope
Antithesis
Contrasts two ideas by placing them
side by side in parallel structure.
Brutus states why he assassinated Julius
Caesar:
“Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome
more.”
Parallelism or Chiasmus?
1. The engine of the cruise ship was
peacefully quiet; the plumbing was
almost deafeningly loud.
2. To catch him on the phone required
twenty phone calls, but an act of
Congress would be needed to see him
in person.
Parallelism or Chiasmus?
3. Across the river they could see
their offices, while under the trees
together they could feel their
hearts.
4. When you speak, they will listen.
They will act when you lead.
“The Broken Window theory tells us
that, in order to reduce crime,
arresting criminals is important, but
painting over graffiti is crucial.”
This sentence contains
a. parallelism only.
b. antithesis only.
c. parallelism and antithesis.
d. neither parallelism nor antithesis.
Which one of the following does
NOT contain antithesis?
A. She laughed while he fumed.
B. What we already have is
reason; what we need now is
imagination.
C. She cried and I cried.
Which elements in this sentence
are parallel?
“To determine a reasonably profitable
and competitively low price for a
meal, some restaurants multiply the
food cost of an item times four and
charge that.”
A. to determine and restaurants multiply
B. reasonably profitable and competitively
low
C. food cost and an item
D. none of the above