Download Relative clauses SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Relative Clauses
&
Your Projects
Sergio Pizziconi
Baffa & Pennino
Plan of theTVday
Intro - Cheers (USA, 1982-1993)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1irjgfMC3A
- Review
Sonic premium beef hot dogs accents
- Keys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWOzuvdZ6J8
- Relative
clauses
Plan
- Your Projects
EXTRA-CLASS work:
Read Chp 2 cases 1 (AMWAY) and 5 (BIC) [MARK
relative clauses]
Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the
sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter]
Write your project proposal. [if you send your proposal by email
(recommended), pretend it is a “business letter” (shrink the sample on page
215 to opening salutations + 2 to 3 lines to state what you’re attaching +
closing salutation) addressed to me as if we had never met before]
[SUBMISSION DUE BY APRIL 19th]
Review: Phonology 1/1
Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw)
from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent
falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first
syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement
shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing):
proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/
voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)
Review: Morphology 1/1
ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+er N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and
most words)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence
 N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less
antonym help+ful //
Adj+ en  V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) //
Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj)
Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: most Adj)
BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst //
Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced
Plural:
Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced //
Datum (sing.) Data (pl.)
Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)
Review: Syntax 1/3
Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object,
Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)//
AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS
to have (e.g., Things have changed)
BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few
constructions (e.g., are you finished?) //
Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to
engender (causare, determinare) //
Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +…..
Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form)
Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form)
N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE
IT instead of adding to do
Emphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) //
What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT)
What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????)
WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion
RIGHT: ????
Review: Syntax 2/3
Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United
States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands //
Once upon a time there was a small village in the country.
The village was… [see vignette below]
In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for
possessive case and article]//
TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid)
INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying)
N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)
Review: Syntax 3/3
Syntax: Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could,
might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to)
Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?)
Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t
go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go)
They do not take to before or after:
WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONG
WRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG
They do not take –s for 3° person singular
WRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONG
They have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality:
Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK
I want TO focus/analyze
I would like TO focus/analyze
Review:
Pragmatics
1/1
Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you
later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying
“No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question.
Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening
expression).// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting
[NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a
first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How
(are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.//
Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When
asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next
slide)//
Review: Pragmatics (Appendix)
Pragmatics:
Informal
Greetings
Intro
Parting after
first meeting
Sup?
Wassup?
What’s up?
How you doing?
How is it going?
“
Formal
How
are
you
doing
?
Good
morning/afternoon/e
vening
(very)
nice/glad/pleased to
meet you!
How do you do?
(very)
nice/glad/pleased
meeting you!
Review: Tools 1/1
Tools: www.thefreedictionary.com Also, the financial and legal
dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency
of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of
prototypes //
Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or
.ac.edu (UK universities)
SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)
FOEs 1/4
- Information (uncountable: much information NOT many
informations , NOT an information)
- Economy Vs Economics
- Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against
dangerous actions)
- Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through
(space; means/tool)
- Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a
course/program/school)
- I study English Vs I study the English language
- Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form)
- A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university
An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.
FOEs 2/4
- I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school
I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school
- Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of)
- Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like
(+noun)
- Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In
fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero)
- Industry usually means productive sector. Plant,
factory (are the words for the place where things are
manufactured)
- When a word is not used because of its meaning but
as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb
can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The
verb can expresses
FOEs 3/4
• What’s wrong in the sentence below?
– Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission.
• You need a subject!
• Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form
(clause)…. [NOT: I am agree]
• A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT
for to keep in touch]
• Possessive case:
The doctor’s house
Vs X Dr. Smith’s house
The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice
BUT The child’s toy
Vs The children’s toy
BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book
FOEs 4/4 (charts)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fall – fell – fallen
WRONG: his trend is regular
RIGHT: ????
ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average)
Price varies according to volume
WRONG: It is steadily for the first part
RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high.
WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ????
WRONG: Before it varies
RIGHT: ????
PREPOSITIONS
IN June
ON May 23rd
April
May
DURING the month
June
AT the end
of June
Keys: Grammar review
Price has increased/decreased
WRONG: Price is increased/decreased
I’m interested in fashion
WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion
Its trend is regular
WRONG: His trend is regular
Then/Afterwards/Later/Subsequently/Aft
er that-this, there is a slow fall
WRONG: After there is a slowly fall
At the beginning/At first/Initially, it varies
WRONG: Before it varies
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
Looking good isn't important, it's everything
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
Looking good isn't important, it's everything
SUBJ
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
By getting the mix right, the company
ensures that its products reach the market
segment
it is aiming the brand at
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
HOW
By getting the mix right,
the company ensures
D.O.
that its products reach the market segment
it is aiming the brand at [the mkt segm.]
at which it is aiming the brand [the mkt segm.]
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
The key is to combine the ingredients to get
the right cake for the right occasion
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
The key is
ATT
to combine the ingredients
to get the right cake for the right occasion
WHY
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
… as far as the marketing mix is
concerned, it has got the balance right
Keys: Sentences (Ben Sherman)
On WHAT CONDITION
…as far as the marketing mix is concerned,
it has got the balance right
In class activity
1. Joining AIM has several advantages for a growing company
such as asos.com
2. It can grow by simply selling more of its products
3. However, a company would need finance to fund any
acquisitions
4. The manufacturer could also choose to merge with one of its
suppliers, such as a timber merchant
5. Moreover, it has grown rapidly without incurring the problems
that this can cause for some businesses
6. It can take a long time to repair a damaged reputation
7. The first step in any online business is to ensure that the website
offers something of real value to consumers
8. When a company is very small, a manager tends to take on
most managerial functions
General structure of the sentence
Circumstances
Links within the text
Textual markers
On what condition?
Why?
(D.O.)
(I.O.) How?
S
(Att)
V
Where?
When?
About the relation between interlocutors
After they talked on the phone, Tom sent a book to
Mary where he was working for his dissertation to allow
her to study for her exam by using an email message
but he asked Mary to promise to return it.
On what condition?
Why?
(D.O.)
(I.O.) How?
S
(Att)
V
Where?
When?
Yesterday, Tom sent a book to Mary from the library for her
exam by email with Mary’s promise to return it.
Yesterday, Tom sent a book to Mary from the library for
her exam by email with a promise from Mary.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: The
MAIN
smaller graph, with an untensed
CLAUSE:
(-ing, -ed
The large
On what condition?
participles,
graph, with a
infinitive) or a
tensed verb
tensed verb. It
that refers to
refers to a
a process
How? process that can
(action, state,
virtually replace
Why?
characteristic
any constituent
…)
of the main
clause.
(D.O.)
(I.O.)
S
(Att)
V
Where?
When?
Relative clauses
Refreshing
• What sentence constituent is the underlined
subordinate clause replacing?
• I think (that) you can do excellent projects
Relative clauses 1/10
• MAIN CLAUSE: We have already sold the books
– SUBORDINATE A: We received the books yesterday
– SUBORDINATE B: The books were delivered yesterday
• Write two sentences:
1) MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE A
2) MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE B
Relative clauses 2/10
• The two sentences:
1) MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE A:
We have already sold the books that we received
XXXX yesterday
2) MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE B
We have already sold the books that XXXX were
delivered yesterday
Relative clauses 3/10
A Main Clause with
a Noun Phrase
A relative pronoun
A clause with a
missing element
We have already sold the books
that
we received XXXX yesterday
We have already sold the books
that
XXXX were delivered yesterday
Relative clauses 4/10
A Main Clause with
a Noun Phrase
A relative pronoun
A clause with a
missing element
A Main Clause with
a Noun Phrase
A relative pronoun
A clause with a
missing element
We have already sold the books
that
we received XXXX yesterday
We have already sold the books
that
XXXX were delivered yesterday
Relative clauses 5/10
Here, I can omit the
relative pronoun
We have already sold the books
……..
we received XXXX yesterday
Here, I canNOT
omit the relative
pronoun
We have already sold the books
that
XXXX were delivered yesterday
WHY?
HIDDEN Relative clauses (whiz) 6/10
Here, I can omit the
relative pronoun
We have already sold the books
……..
we received XXXX yesterday
But here, I can
omit much more
We have already sold the books
delivered yesterday
WHAT have I deleted?
Relative clauses 7/10
Here, I use
who
We called the speakers
who
XXXX proposed a great lecture
Here, I am
supposed to use
whom
We called the speakers
whom
we contacted XXXX yesterday
WHY?
Do you remember this slide?
We all give some money
Personal Pronouns
to the left of V
I
you
he
she
it
we
you (all)
they
who
transitive
(D.O.)
S
V
Personal Pronouns
to the right of V
me
you
him
her
it
us
you (all)
them
whom
Fused relative pronouns 8/10
• the place in which I used to study
– the place where
– where
• write the project the time in which you are clear
– the time when
– when
• The reason for which I work so hard
– The reason why
– why
• The way in which you learn English
– The way how
– how
• The thing that is not clear to you is that
– what
Relative clauses: Just in case 10/10
• Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with
relative clauses:
Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive
The car that is parked in front of the department is
mine
My car, which is parked in front of the department, is
a FIAT
MUSTs & MUST-NOTs
MINIMUM MUSTs
MINIMUM MUST-NOTs
• MUST rephrase
• MUST NOT copy and paste
• MUST cite sources
• MUST NOT hide sources
• MUST circumscribe
your scope
• MUST NOT write your
paper in the slides
MUSTs for
MUST-NOTs for
“GOOD/HARD WORK” “GOOD/HARD WORK”
assessment
assessment
• MUST carry out YOUR • MUST NOT just repeat
OWN analysis
what other scholars wrote