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Nouns Nouns are the simplest part of speech. They are either a… Person Place Thing Quit Examples of Nouns Person: boy, girl, mother, father. Place: park, theater, beach, forest. Thing: apple, dog, ball, table. Noun Video Quit You Try With Nouns Give me some examples of nouns! Find the noun in these sentences The boy ran. The table is round. The blanket is warm Quit Proper Nouns: Scientist: Marie Curie, Charles Drew Woman: Coretta Scott King, Rita Moreno Building: World Trade Center, Eiffel Tower Day : Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Concrete Nouns A concrete nouns names a person, place, or thing, that can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell) Examples: Cloud, poison ivy, thunder, silk, yogurt, Sarah. Abstract Nouns: An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a character. Example: Freedom, well-being, beauty, kindness, Buddhism. Compound Nouns: A compound noun consists of two or more words used together as a single noun. The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word. One-Word Firefighter: iceland, newspaper Separate Words: Prime Minister, Red River Dam, fire drill Hyphenated Word: sister-in-law, -Port-au-Prince Collective Nouns: A collective noun is a word that names a group People: audience, chorus, committee, crew Animals: Brood, flock, gaggle, herd Things: assortment, batch, bundle, cluster Pronouns Take the place of nouns Save time and energy Pronouns are words such as it, he , she, they, etc. **They refer to the previous noun Personal Pronouns: A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first person) the one spoken to (second person) or the one spoken about (third person). First Person: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our ours, Second Person: you, yours, your Third Person: he, him, his, she, her, hers ,it, its, they, them, their, theirs. Every Pronoun in existence! All Pronouns: I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, he, his, him, she, her, hers, it, its, we, our, ours, us, you, your, yours, they, their, theirs, them, who, whom, whose, which, that, these, those, all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, such, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. Example: Susan watched the monkey make faces at her little sister and brother. She laughed at it more than they did. She it They Identifying Antecedents Page 7. Exercise 4 Pronoun categories: to help remember pg. 335 Relative pronouns: used to introduce adjective and noun clauses Interrogative pronouns: used in question Demonstrative pronouns: used to point out a specific person or thing. Indefinite pronouns: not referring to a definite person or thing. Reflexive pronoun: the –self –selves form of of the personal pronouns. Proper Nouns Something's OWN name Include names, nicknames, pets names, places names, city names, etc. Proper Nouns also define All proper nouns start with Capitals Examples: Joe vs. Person Jamestown vs. the city Reflexive and Intensive Pronoun A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition. An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical function. Examples: Elena treated herself to a snack (reflexive) Albert himself organized the fund-raiser (intensive) Demonstrative Pronouns: A demonstrative Pronoun is used to point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea. This, that, these, those Example: That is Soon-Hee’s favorite restaurant in San Francisco. The tacos I made taste better than those. Interrogative Pronouns: An interrogative pronoun introduces a question. Example: Who, whom, which, what, whose Examples: Which of these songs is your favorite? What is your parakeet’s name? Relative Pronouns: A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause That, which, who, whom, whose Examples: The ship that you saw is sailing to Greece Isabel is my friend who is training for the Boston marathon. Indefinite pronouns: An indefinite pronoun refers to one or more persons, places, ideas, or things that may or may not be specifically named. All, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody, something, such. Examples: Angelo has everything he will need to go rock climbing. Is anyone at home? Most of the birds had already flown south for the winter. Adjectives Adjectives are describing words that describe nouns. There a lot of very unique adjectives. Quit Examples of Adjectives Fast fun silly big small ugly pretty Adjective Video Quit You Try With Adjectives Give me some adjectives that describe YOU! Find the adjectives in these sentences The pretty girl skipped away. The lazy cat is sleeping. The round apple is tasty. Quit Demonstrative Adjective: This, that, these, and those can be used both as adjectives and as pronouns. When they modify nouns or pronouns, they are called demonstrative adjectives. When they take the place of nouns or pronouns, they are called demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative Adjectives: Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one. Let’s take these sandwiches and those apples on our picnic. Articles: The most frequently used adjectives are a, an, and the. These words are usually called articles. A and an are called indefinite articles because they refer to any member of a general group. Examples: A girl won. They are having a one day sale. This is an honor. Verbs Verbs are action words. They describe what people are doing. Quit Examples of Verbs Run Jump Hop Skip Yell Play dance Quit Verb Video You Try With Verbs Give me some examples of verbs that YOU do! Find the verbs in these sentences The mom is running. The dog is barking. The boy is going to run. Quit Main Verbs / Helping Verbs pg. 15. A verb phrase consists of at least one main verb and one or more helping verbs. A helping verb (auxiliary verb) helps the main verb express action or a state of being. The following can be used as helping verbs: Can, could, be, do , does, had, has , have, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would. Examples: Is leaving Had seemed Might have remained. Action Verbs An action verb expresses either physical or mental action. Physical Action: write, describe, sit, receive, arise, go Mental Action: remember, consider, think, understand, believe, know Examples: The audience cheered the lead actors. The children hoped for sunshine. Linking Verbs: A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. The most commonly used linking verbs are forms of the verb be. Examples: be, being, am, is, shall be, will be, has been, have been, should be, would be, can be, could be, are, was were, had been, shall have been, will have been, should have been, would have been, could have been. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs A transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, place, or thing. The action express by a transitive verb passes from the doer – the subject- to the receiver of the action. Words that receive the action of a transitive verb are called objects. Pg. 19 examples Adverbs Word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells where, when, how, or to what extant (how long or how much). -ly ending Examples Joyfully Actively Sadly The boy looked on sadly as the plane departed. Adverbs Modifying Verbs Each boldface adverb modifies a verb. Where? When? We lived there. May we go tomorrow? Please step up. Water the plant weekly. I have the ticket here. Put that down. We’ll see you later. He arrived early. Adverbs: How? To What Extant? She quickly agreed Fill the tank completely That rain fell softly. He hardly moved. Drive carefully. Did she hesitate slighlty? He sand beautifully. They partly completed the form. Adverbs: Adverbs may come before or after words they modify. Sometimes adverbs interrupt the parts of a verb phrase. Adverbs may also introduce questions. Example; Where in the world did you ever find that pink-and purplenecktie? The adverb where introduces the question and modifies the verb phrase “did find”. The adverb ever interrupts the verb phrase and also modifies it. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives: Beth did an exceptionally fine job. (The adverb exceptionally modifies the adjective fine, telling to what extent.) Slightly cooler temperatures are forecast (the adverb slightly modifies the adjective cooler, telling to what extent). Mr. Lomazzi is an especially talented chef. (the adverb especially modifies the subject talented, telling to what extent.) Adverbs that Modify Adj. YOUR TURN! Identify the adverbs that modify adjectives in the sentences below. For each adverb, give the adjective it modifies. Example: The compass I bought was incredibly cheap. Incredibly-cheap. Exercises 19! Join Things Conjunctions Words that join two or more sentences. Examples And But either/or I would love some ice cream but I’m full from dinner. Conjunctions Conjunctions are connecting words Example: And adds things together in the sentence “I like baseball and soccer.” Or also joins, but makes an option “What do you like best, dogs or cats?” Or can also pose a question. Coordinating Conjunctions: A coordinating conjunction joins words or word groups that are used in the same way. Examples: streets and sidewalks (two nouns) On land or at sea (prepositional phrases) Coordinating Conjunctions And But Or For Yet so Nor Correlative Conjunctions: Pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way. Correlative Conjunctions Both….and Not only…but also Either….or Neither…..nor Whether……or Correlative Conjunction: Examples: Both Jim Thorpe and Roberto Clemente were outstanding athletes (to proper nouns) We want to go not only to Ontario but also to Quebec. (two prepositional phrases). Using a Comma Before every joining word, a comma (,) must be used Example: “I like soup, and I like sandwiches.” You also must check that a and/or can be used by taking out the , and/, or and replacing it with a period. Preposition: A Preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence. Prepositions are important because they point out different relationships. Notice in the following examples how the preposition in bold face type show three different relationships between village and rode and between river and park. I rode past the village I rode through the village The park near the river… I rode beyond the village. The park besides the river… The park across the river… Prepositions: continued A preposition always introduces a phrase. The noun or pronoun that ends a prepositional phrase is the object of the preposition which introduces the phrase. In the previous example the objects of the prepositions are village and river. Commonly used prepositions… Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, outside, over, past, since, through, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without. Compound prepositions: according to, because of, by means of, in addition to, in front of, in spite of, instead of, on account of, prior to. Prepositional Video Note: Many words in the preceding list can also be used as adverbs. To be sure that a word is used as a perposition, ask whether the word relates a noun or a pronoun to another word. Welcome aboard. (adverb) Welcome aboard our boat. (preposition) The runner fell behind (adverb) The paper fell behind the cabinet. (preposition) Compound Prepositions: Prepositions that consist of two or more words are called compound prepositions. Compound Prepositions According to In place of As of In spite of Aside from Instead of Because of Next to By means of On account of In addition to Out of In front of Prior to Prepositional Phrase: The preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the objects together form a prepositional phrase. Examples: Joe went to the nearest store. (the noun store is the object of the preposition to. The adjective the and nearest modify the noun store). Is she one of those trailing behind. (The pronoun those is the object of the preposition of. Those is modified by the participial phrase trailing behind). Indentifying Prepositions and Their Objects: Exercise 22 Interjection: An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence. Examples: Ouch! Ugh! Wow! Oops! Oh! An interjection with mild emotion can be followed by a comma. Examples: Well, I’m just not sure. Interjection video Today: School House Rock Review: Due Monday. Tomorrow: Verb Phrases Complements Predicate Nominatives