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Compounding/Composition Definition silkworm 蚕 honey-bee 蜜蜂 tear gas 催泪弹 Each expresses one concept. They are called compounds. Compounding/Composition Form of writing solid silkworm honey-bee hyphenated tear gas open Compounding/Composition Differences between compounds and free phrases: tear gas compounds easy chair good friend free phrase red rose Compounding/Composition Characteristics: 1. Stress pattern: `— — compound `tear gas `easy chair —`— free phrase good `friend red `rose The stress falls on the first element in C. The stress falls on the second in FP. Compounding/Composition 2. Meaning: 讹诈 black mail: hot potato: 棘手的问题 dog days: 三伏天 the youngest daughter: 老闺女 Compounding/Composition 3. Grammatical features: easier chair easy chair red tape reddest tape fine art finest art hot line cold line compounds free phrase Formation of compounds Word classes of compounds: Most compounds are nouns and adjectives Next come verbs. Compounds of other part of speech are few. everyday, something, nobody, whatever, nowhere, within, underneath, into, upon Formation of compounds 1. Noun compounds end product, information n+n highway, netspeak n+v heartbeat, toothache v+n breakwater, swearword a+n software, deadline n + v-ing sleepwalking, airconditioning Formation of compounds washing machine, cleaning lady stockholder, crime reporter n+v+er outbreak, downfall adv+v have-not, sit-in v+adv going-over, carryings-on v-ing+adv up-bringing v-ing+n adv+v-ing 英汉对照 Formation of compounds 2. Adjective compounds record-breaking, time-consuming n+v-ing a+v-ing high-sounding, easy-going n+a blood-thirsty, love-sick a+a bitter-sweet, dark-blue n+v-ed heart-felt, custom-built a/adv+v-ed hard-won, well-written Formation of compounds a/adv+n-ed num+n num+n-ed adv+v-ing v-ed+adv v-ing+a a+n honey-mouthed, sharp-tongued double-decker, two-leg one-eyed, six-fingered out-going, on-coming worn-out, washed-up burning-hot, freezing-cold full-length, red-letter Formation of compounds break-neck, cut-rate v+n throw-away v+adv (1), (3) and (5) are very productive. 英汉对照 Formation of compounds 3. Verb compounds Through conversion honeymoon to honeymoon firstname to firstname sweet-talk to sweet-talk Formation of compounds Through backformation proof-reading to proofread breast-feeding to breast-feed bottle-feeding to bottle-feed chain-smokerto chain-smoke mass-production to mass-produce 英汉对照 Formation of compounds Lexicalization词化 1. Hyphenation pay to take home ahead of schedule devil may care twist and turn round the clock take-home-pay ahead-of-schedule devil-may-care twist-and-turn round-the-clock Formation of compounds Example: too-eager-not-to-lose champion a middle-of-the-road politician A spirited discussion sprung up between a young girl who says that women had outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-thesight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t. Formation of compounds 2. Rearrangement (nouns) a worm that glows glowworm a person who designs computers computer-designer cup for drinking walk in one’s sleep fly like a dragon drinking-cup sleep-walking dragonfly Formation of compounds (adjectives) take breath made at home mean well sick for missing home weary of war retarded in language breath-taking home-made well-meant homesick war-weary Language-retarded Formation of compounds Compounding is the easiest means to use to make new words. If we need a word which is not found, we can easily make one by lexicalization through hyphenation or rearrangement.