Download Definitions of grammar Definiciones de la gramática

Definitions of grammar
Definiciones de la gramática
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Adjectives [adjetivos]. Words to describe
nouns: good movie, several issues, one flower.
 Adverbs [adverbios]. Words to provide
information about verbs, adjectives or other
adverbs.
He speaks well. It's very good. They performed
incredibly well.

Articles [artículos].
Definite: the (el, la, los, las, lo);
indefinite: a, an (un, una).
 Conjunctions [conjunciones]. Words that
connect two other words or phrases:
and, or, however, although y, o, sin embargo,
aunque
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Conjugation [conjugación]. Verbs may
adopt different endings according to the tense
(worked) or the person (he works). This
process is called inflection or conjugation. In
Spanish, a verb is conjugated whenever it is
not in its infinitive, participle or gerund forms.
 Demonstratives [demostrativos]. this, that,
these, those
 Gender [género]. This word is used to
indicate whether something is masculine or
feminine in Spanish:
The gender of el libro is masculine, the gender
of la casa is feminine.
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Gerund [gerundio] (or present participle) .
Verb form (-ing) that combines with to be in
phrases such as:
is sleeping, was studying. (hablando, comiendo,
viviendo)
In English, the gerund is often used as a noun: I
like the book (noun) → I like studying (noun).
BUT Spanish uses the infinite in this role: Me
gusta el libro → me gusta estudiar
Imperative Mood [modo imperativo]. The
form of the verb used for commands: Come! (ven,
venga, vengan, venid)
 Indicative Mood [modo indicativo]. Verb
tenses that present actions or occurrences as
factual:
I lived here. He won't go.
 Infinitive. The basic form of the verb, as found in
the dictionary:
to speak (hablar), to eat (comer), to live (vivir).
The infinitive is often used as the object of
another verb: I hate to fry . Odio freír.
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Nouns [sustantivos]. Words to name
things or people: book (libro), liberty
(libertad), author (autor).
In sentences, nouns are generally the subject
or the object of a verb: Authors write books.
Number [número]. This term is used to
indicate whether something is singular or
plural:
house, casa (singular) houses, casas (plural)
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Object [objeto o complemento]. Part of
the sentence that undergoes the action
expressed by the verb. Examples:
She wrote a letter to Pedro. → the letter is
the direct object (what did she write?)
→ Pedro is the indirect object (to whom did
she write?)
She told him the secret. → the secret is the
direct object (what?)
→ him is the indirect object (to whom?)
She took him to a doctor. → him is the direct
object (what?, whom?)
→ the doctor is the indirect object (to whom?)
Person [persona]. In English, I is the first
person singular, he/she/it are the third person
singular,
we is the first person plural, they is the third
person plural, you is the second person singular
or plural.
 Phrase [frase]. Any group of words that make
sense together:
the big city things generally kept in the refrigerator
 Possessives [posesivos]. Words indicating
ownership, such as my (mi), yours (tuyo), our
(nuestro), etc.
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Prepositions [preposiciones]. Words that
convey a sense of position (spatial or conceptual):
with (con), to (a, para), in, on, at (en), etc.
 Pronouns [pronombres]. Words that stand in
place of nouns or noun phrases already
mentioned:she, it, him, etc.
Martha loves her city. She loves it.
 Reflexive [reflexivo]. A pronoun that indicates
actions performed on oneself, in which the subject
and the object of the verb are one and the same
(me, te, se, nos, os, se): We see ourselves clearly. I
washed myself.
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Sentence [oración]. A group of words including
at least one (conjugated) verb and conveying a
complete thought (subject, verb, object): Martha
loves the city.
Subject [sujeto]Generally, the person or thing
that performs the action in a sentence. For example
"New York grew rapidly." New York (who grew?) is
the subject.
Subjunctive Mood [modo subjuntivo].Verb
tenses that indicate non-factual actions or
occurrences.
In the sentences If I were you, or I insist that he be
here, the verb to be is in the subjunctive mood.
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Tenses [tiempos]. Forms of the verb that indicate
aspects of time, e.g. past, present, future.
A perfect tense conveys a completed action: I will
have written the letter by tomorrow.
An imperfect tense describes ongoing actions: I
was studying.
Verbs [verbos]. Generally, words that convey
actions, such as to go (ir), to work (trabajar).
Verbs that may take a direct object are called
transitive:
- John wrote the letters; he communicated the news to
his family.
Letters and the news are the direct objects of the
transitive verbs to write and to communicate.
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Verbs that may not take a direct object
are called intransitive:
- John works hard and communicates
effectively.
The verbs to work and to communicate are
intransitive in this sentence because it is
unnecessary for them to take a direct
object.