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Human
Geography
Glossary
7
8
A
Absolute
Location
Absolute
monarchy
Accessibility
Acculturation
Acid Deposition
Acid Precipitation
Adaptive strategy
Adolescent
fertility rate
Agglomeration
Economies
Agnosticism
Agribusiness
Agricultural
density
Allocational
Boundary
Amnesty
Anatolia
Hypothesis
Ancillary
activities
Animal
husbandry
The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as
expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude.
A monarchial form of government in which the monarch exercises ultimate
governing authority as head of state.
The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from
other locations. Accessibility varies from place to place and can be measured.
Cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or
borrowing traits from another culture; also: a merging of cultures as a result
of prolonged contact. The process by which a human being acquires the
culture of a particular society from infancy.
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the
atmosphere where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid
and nitric acid and return to Earth's surface.
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth
as rain, snow, or fog.
The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical
environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of
life food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
The number of births per 1000 women ages 15 to 19
Grouping together of many firms in a single area for collective or cooperative
use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources. Agglomeration leads to
multiplier more firms locate to the same place providing jobs both within the
firm and in ancillary activities, or services that support the firm. Can have a
positive effect on the local tax base.
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists.
System of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively
developed countries.
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for
agriculture.
A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources
of a border region.
An official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses.
“An amnesty for political prisoners"
The Proto-Indo-European language peacefully spread through the innovation
of agriculture.
Economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries. Include
activities such as delivery, food services, and accounting services. Essentially
synonymous with no basic industries; as the basic industry within a region
expands, so does that region’s need for ancillary services.
The science of breeding and caring for farm animals.
Animate vs.
inanimate power
Annexation
Anocracy
Antecedent
boundary
Aquaculture
Aquaculture/Aqu
afarming
Arab Spring
Arithmetic
density
Assimilation
Association of
Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN):
Asylum seeker
Asylum
Atheism
Autocracy
Autonomous
Religion
Azimuthal/ Polar
Projection
Animate= Power supplied by people or animals, inanimate= power supplied
by machines
The formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or
occupation
Is a term used to describe a regime type that is characterized by inherent
qualities of political instability and ineffectiveness, as well as an "incoherent
mix of democratic and autocratic traits and practices?"
A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in
place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area...
The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.
The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.
A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in
the Middle East (2011)
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and
psychological characteristics of a group: “Waves of immigrants have been
assimilated into the American culture.
ASEAN' An organization of countries in southeast Asia set up to promote
cultural, economic and political development in the region. ASEAN was
officially formed in 1967 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration.
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being
recognized as a refugee.
The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native
country as a political refugee. "She applied for asylum and was granted
refugee status"
Belief that God does not exist.
A system of government by one person with absolute power.
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and
cooperates informally.
A map projection in which a region of the earth is projected onto a plane
tangential to the surface, typically at a pole or the equator.
B
Baby boom/ population
explosion
Baby Bust
Back-office functions
Temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one
following World War II to over 3 children per household.
Sudden decline in the birthrate, especially the one in the United
States and Canada from the early 1960s to the early 1980s to under 2
children per household.
The back office is an administration and support personnel in a
financial services company. They carry out functions like settlements,
clearances, record maintenance, regulatory compliance, and
accounting. When order processing is slow due to high volume, it is
commonly referred to as "back office crunch."
Balance of power
Barriadas/Favelas/Slum/S
quatter Settlement
Barrio
Base economy
Basic industries
Bid-Rent Theory
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
Biomass fuels
Biotechnology
B-L-A-H
Border
Boserup Hypothesis
Boundary
Brain drain
Break-of-bulk point
Buffer state
Bulk: gaining industry
Bulk-reducing industry
Business services/FIRE
A situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power.
A shack or shanty town; a slum.
A district of a town in Spain and Spanish- speaking
areas/countries.
The manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic
sector; functions of a city preformed to satisfy demands external to
the city itself, earning income to support the urban population
Industrial sector which exports all or nearly all of its
production. Basic industries, as a result of their foreign exchange
earnings, create new incomes and additional spending power in their
country's economy.
The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to
how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance
from the central business district (CBD) increases. It states that
different land users will compete with one another for land close to
the city center.
Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a
given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.
Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste
The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other
purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for
the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.
Biosphere, Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere.
A line separating two political or geographical areas, especially
countries.
Based on the observation that explains how population increase
necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate
for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming.
Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory.
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller
containers, for examples, ports. Often, manufacturing facilities
concentrate at break of bulk points to minimize transportation costs
of raw materials as each time a shift in transportation mode occurs
(ex. From barge to train), a company must pay laborers to transfer
goods. Minimizing transfer of materials minimizes overall costs.
A nation lying between potentially hostile larger nations.
Produce goods that weigh more after assembly in their constituent
parts. They are located near a market to minimize transport costs.
Produce goods that weigh less than their constituent parts. They are
located close to natural resources to minimize transport costs.
Business services is a general term that describes work that supports
a business but does not produce a tangible commodity. Information
technology (IT) is an important business service that supports many
other business services such as procurement, shipping and finance
Business- processing
outsourcing
AKA:(BPO) is the delegation of one or more IT-intensive business
processes to an external provider that, in turn, owns, administrates
and manages the selected processes based on defined and
measurable performance metrics.
C
Capital
Carbon Monoxide
Carl Sauer
Carrying Capacity
Cartography/Cartograph
er
CBR/CDR
Census
Census Tract
Central Business DistrictCBD
Central Place
Central Place Theory:
Centrifugal force
Cereal grain
Chaff
Chain migration
Chain Migration
Intensive requiring the investment of large sums of money.
A colorless, odorless toxic flammable gas formed by incomplete
combustion of carbon.
1925, geographer at the University of California; argued that cultural
landscapes (products of complex interactions between humans and
their environments); should be the fundamental focus of geographic
inquiry
The largest number of people that the environment of a particular
area can support
The art and science of making maps, including data compilation,
layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped
patterns.
the number of live births or deaths occurring among the population
of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year
total population of the given geographical area during the same year.
A complete enumeration of a population.
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which
statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracks correspond
roughly to neighborhoods.
The downtown heart of a central city, the marked by high land
values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering
of the tallest buildings.
Settlements function as 'central places' providing services to
surrounding areas.
Central place theory is a geographical theory that seeks to explain the
number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system.
The theory was created by the German geographer Walter Christaller,
who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places'
providing services to surrounding areas.
A force that divides people and countries
A cereal is any true grass cultivated for the edible components of
its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of
the endosperm, germ, and bran.
The husks of corn or other seed separated by winnowing or
threshing.
The tendency of people to migrate among channels, over a period of
time, from specific source areas to specific destinations.
Refers to the social process by which immigrants from a particular
town follow others from that town to a particular city or
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
Chokepoint
Choropleth
Church
Circular Migration
City-state
City-states
Clustered
Clustered rural
settlement vs. dispersed
rural settlement
Cohort
Colony
Combine
Commercial Agriculture
Commercial
Gardening/Truck Farming
Commercial Grain
Farming
Commercial Industry
Communism/Command
Economy
Commuter Zone
Compact state
neighborhood, whether in an immigrant receiving country or in a new,
usually urban, location in the home country.
A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in
plastic foams and fire extinguishers.
A point of congestion or blockage.
thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion
to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the
map, such as population density or per-capita income.
A building used for public Christian worship.
Also known as repeat migration is the temporary and usually
repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host
areas, typically for the purpose of employment. It represents an
established pattern of population mobility, whether cross-country or
rural-urban.
A sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city withits dependenci
es.
A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
If the objects in an area are close together
Clustered rural settlements-rural settlement where houses and
buildings are situated around each other and the fields surround the
settlement. Dispersed rural settlements- settlement where farms are
isolated.
A group of people banded together or treated as a group
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than
completely independent.
The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that harvests
grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate
operations comprising harvesting—reaping, threshing, and
winnowing—into a single process.
Found in more developed countries; production of food primarily for
sale off the farm.
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck
was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of
commodities.
Commercial grain farming is an extensive and mechanized form of
agriculture. This is a development in the continental lands of the midlatitudes, which were once roamed by nomadic herdsmen.
Factory based production.
A command economy is a system where the government, rather than
the free market, determines what goods should be produced, how
much should be produced and the price at which the goods are
offered for sale. The command economy is a key feature of
any communist society.
An area used in population and economic analysis. In addition to the
obvious use of urban areas it may be used to define rural areas which
share a common market.
A state that possess a roughly circular shape from which the
geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.
Comparative Advantage
Complimentary Trade
Concentration
Concentric Zone Model
Confederal/Confederatio
n
Connectivity
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional
Consumer services
Contagious Diffusion
Contour Lines
Coordinate
System/Geographic Grid
Core/Periphery
Core-periphery model
Cottage Industry
Council of Government
Counter-urbanization
The ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular
economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently
than another activity.
When two regions specifically satisfy each other's needs through
exchange of raw materials and or finished goods
The extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density. Can
have same density but completely different this
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are
spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Association of sovereign states by a treaty or agreement; deals with
issues such as defense, foreign affairs, trade, and a common currency
The directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the
degree of internal connection in a transport network; all of the
tangible and intangible means of connection and communication
between places.
A form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state (but
not head of government) within the guidelines of a constitution
The supreme aristocrat remains head of state, but the leader of the
elected parliament is the head of government
refers to the formulation, deformulation, technical consulting and
testing of most consumer products, such as food, herbs, beverages,
vitamins, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, hair products, household
cleaners, paints, plastics, metals, waxes, coatings, minerals, ceramics,
construction materials
The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some
other item through a local population by contact from person to
person- analogous to the communication of a contagious illness.
A line on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea
level.
Uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to define locations on the
earth. A GCS is often incorrectly called a datum, but a datum is only
one part of a GCS. A GCS includes an angular unit of measure, a prime
meridian, and a datum (based on a spheroid).
A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural
power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and
more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.
Models that spatial structure of development in which
underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a
developed core.
Industry in which production of goods and services is based in homes,
as opposed to factories. Dominant industrial model before Industrial
Revolution. Today, produce specialty goods, which are assembled
individually or in small quantities.
A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local
governments in a metropolitan area in the United States.
Net migration from urban to rural areas
Crop Rotation
Crude birth rate
(CBR)/natality rate
Crude death rate (CDR)
Cultural adaptation
Cultural Determinism
Cultural Ecology
Cultural Landscape
Cultural shatter belt
Cultural/Ethnic Boundary
Cumulative Causation
Cyclic movement
Practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each
year to avoid exhausting the soil.
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive
in the society.
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in
the society.
The complex strategies human groups employ to live successfully as
part of a natural system.
The belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we
are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that
environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically
inherited traits.
The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the
natural environment.
The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.
The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on
the landscape by the activities of various human occupants.
A zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural
groups.
Boundary between two states due to their cultural/ethnic differences
Similar to the multiplier effect, an economic term used to describe
the positive effect of agglomeration. With increased concentration of
industrial activity comes increased need for ancillary services, which
leads to population growth.
Movement for example, nomadic migration that has closed routes
and is repeated annually or seasonally.
D
Dairy Farming
Decolonization
Definitional
De-glomeration
Deindustrialization
Demand
Democracy
Demographic equation
A class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is
processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may
be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product.
To release from the status of a colony.
The act of defining, or of making something definite, distinct, or clear
we need a better definition of her responsibilities.
The movement of activity, usually industry, away from
agglomerations, perhaps when congestion makes further
agglomeration in a region difficult and expensive.
Decline in industrial activity in a region or economy.
The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy
Idea that the people in the nation have ultimate say over what
happens within the state
The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the
increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing
births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration.
Demographic Indicators
Demographic
Momentum
Demographic Transition
Model
Demography/
demographer/
demographics
Density Gradient
Dependency ratio
Dependency Theory
Desertification
Development
Devolution
Diaspora
Dietary Energy
Consumption
Diffusion
Dispersed
Dispersed Rural
Settlements
Distance Decay
Demographic indicators. Definitions of the indicators. Life expectancy
at birth- The number of years newborn children would live if subject
to the mortality risks prevailing for the cross-section of population at
the time of their birth. Crude death rate- Annual number of deaths
per 1,000 population.
The tendency for growing population to continue growing after a
fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is
important because once this happens a country moves to a different
stage in the demographic transition mode
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of
high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a
condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural
increase, and a higher total population.
The scientific study of population characteristics.
The change in density in an urban area from the center to the
periphery.
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64
compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and
underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the
latter at the expense of the former.
Process in semiarid regions where human actions are causing land to
deteriorate to a desert-like condition.
The process of improving the material conditions of people through
diffusion of knowledge and technology.
The process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective
power or vitality or essential quality
The scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs
The proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary
energy consumption, referred to as the proportion of undernourished
people, is defined as the proportion of people in a population who
suffer from hunger or food deprivation
Process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one
place to another over time (through complex transportation,
communications, resulting in complicated interactions) can mean
people in different regions can modify ideas at the same time in
different ways.
If objects in an area are relatively far apart
A dispersed settlement, also known as a scattered settlement, is one
of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians
to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the
world. Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered
throughout the area.
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a
phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Distortion
Distribution
Domestication
Domino Theory
Double cropping
Doubling time
Dowry death
On a map or image, the misrepresentation of shape, area, distance,
or direction of or between geographic features when compared to
their true measurements on the curved surface of the earth.
Refers to the way something is spread out or arranged over
a geographic area. The concept of distribution can be applied to
nearly everything on Earth, from animal and plant species, to disease
infections, weather patterns, and man-made structures
Process of making something commercialized for larger production.
The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist
control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist
control
In agriculture, multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or
more crops in the same piece of land during a single growing season.
It is a form of polyculture.
Number of years needed to double a population, assuming a
constant rate of natural increase.
In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price
to be paid by the family o the bride to the father of the groom have,
in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride.
E
Ebonics
Economic Indicators
Economies of Scale
Ecumene
Electoral Geography
Elongated state
Emigration
Enclave
Enclosure Movement
Energy Consumption
Enfranchisement
A nonstandard form of American English spoken by some Black people
in the United States
Series of statistical figures, such as the consumer price index or the
gross domestic product, used by economists to predict
future economic activity.
The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of
manufacturing to a national economy
A portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
The study of the interactions among space, place and region and the
conduct and results of elections.
A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.
Migration from a location
A portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose
inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct
Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from
economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure
movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of
crops.
Is the consumption of energy or power. It is covered in the following
articles World energy consumption. Domestic energy consumption.
Electric energy consumption.
To admit to the privileges of a citizen and especially to the right of
suffrage; to admit (a municipality) to political privileges or rights
Entrepôt
Environmental
Determinism
Epidemic/pandemic
Epidemiologic
Transition
Epidemiology
Equator
Erosion
Ethnic enclave
Ethnic group
Ethnic homeland
Ethnic Island
Ethnic neighborhood
Ethnic Religion
Ethnoburb
European Union (EU)
Exclave
Exclusive Economic
Zones (EEZ)
Expansion Diffusion
Exponential growth
Extensive subsistence
agriculture
A trading center, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be
imported and exported without paying important duties, often at a
profit
The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over
various aspects of human life, including cultural development. Also
referred to as environmentalism.
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high
proportion of the population.
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence,
distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of
people.
An imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both
poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and
constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.
The process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other
natural agents.
An ethnic group surrounded by another ethnic group.
A group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural
tradition, often living as a minority in a larger society.
A sizable area inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong
sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of
political and social control over it.
A small ethnic area in the rural countryside; sometimes called a “folk
island.”
A voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice.
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose
principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the
particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
A suburb with a concentration of a particular ethnic group
An international organization of European countries formed after
World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among
its members
A portion of territory of one state completely surrounded by territory
of another or others, as viewed by the home territory.
EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zones) an area (usually 370 km) from the
shore in which a state has rights to explore, exploit, and manage
natural resources in the seas.
The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area
in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously
larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.
Growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the
growing total number or size.
Refers to an agricultural technique where a vast expanse of land is
cultivated to yield minimal output of crops and animals for the primary
consumption of the grower's family. The produce that is grown using
this farming method is not sold in the market for monetary value.
Extinct Language
Language once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used
F
Fair trade
Fallow
Federal Government
Feedlots
Filtering
Food Desert
Food Security
Footloose Industry
Forced Migration
Forced migration
Fordist(ism)
Foreign direct
investment
Formal/Uniform Region
Fragmented state
Free
Enterprise/Capitalism
Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses
and worker- owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires
employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and
comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
When farmers grow crops on a clear field for only a few years until the
soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then leave the soil for a few
year so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land.
A system that divides the power between the central government and
the sub-units
An area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up.
A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to
abandonment
An urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality
fresh food.
The state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable,
nutritious food.
Manufacturing or other industry in which cost of transporting both raw
materials and finished product is not important for determining
location of the firm. Common footloose industries include catalog
companies, which can locate anywhere as shipping in the US depends
on weight not distance, as well as expensive and light items such as
diamonds or computer chips.
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to
relocate
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford. By
early twentieth century, mass production and assembly lines had
replaced many specialty goods.
Overseas business investments made by private companies; typically
involves purchase or construction of factories by transnational
corporations in areas where labor is typically cheaper than on
homeland. A huge driving force behind globalization, although
investment is currently somewhat concentrated on particular regions,
such as south and South East Asia, including China. Amount of
investments going toward least developed countries, particularly in
Africa, is steadily increasing.
A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or
more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogenous region.
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
A free enterprise system is an economic system where a government
places very few restrictions on the types of business activities or
ownership that citizens want to engage in. This type of system is often
called a free market, or capitalist system.
Frontier
Functional/Nodal
Region
A line or border separating two countries, the district near a border
separating two countries.
A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that
occur with it.
G
Gender
Gender Empowerment
Measure
Gender gap
Gender Inequality Index
Gender related
Development Index
(GRDI)
Generation X
Generation
Y/Millennials
Generation Z
Genetic Modifications
(GM)
Gentrification
The social differences between men and women rather than the
anatomical differences that are related to sex.
Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic
and political decision making
The social differences between men and women rather than the
anatomical differences that are related to sex.
Measure of opportunities given to women compared to men within a
given country. Not necessarily correlated with GNP; some places, such
as Italy, Japan, and Kuwait, have high GNP, but low gender equity,
usually because of cultural traditions that discourage women’s
achievement in education, government, and business. United Nations
developed the GEM or “gender empowerment measure” that evaluates
women’s status in a country based on participation in national
economic political, and professional affairs. GEM criticized for being
Western-centric and not considering standards and values accepted in
other cultures.
Is an index designed to measure of gender equality. GDI together with
the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) were introduced in 1995 in
the Human Development Report written by the United
Nations Development Program.
The generation born after that of the baby boomers (roughly from the
early 1960s to mid-1970s), often perceived to be disaffected and
directionless.
(Also known as the Millennial Generation or Generation Y) are the
demographic cohort following Generation X. There are no precise dates
when the generation starts and ends. Most researchers and
commentators use birth years ranging from the early 1980s to the early
2000s.
Refers to the cohort of people born after the millennial generation.
There is no agreement on the name or exact range of birth dates. Some
sources start this generation at the mid or late 1990s, or from the mid2000s to the present day.
GMO definition. The abbreviation for genetically modified organism.
AGMO is an organism whose genome has been altered by the
techniques of genetic engineering so that its DNA contains one or
more genes not normally found there.
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly
low-income renter occupied area to a predominantly middle-class
owner-occupied area.
Geographic Information
System
Geometric boundary
Geopolitics
Gerrymandering
Global (world) city
Global Positioning
System
Global Warming
Globalization
Gravity model
Greatest Generation
Green Revolution
Greenbelt
Greenhouse Effect
Gross domestic product
(GDP)
Gross national income
(GNI)
Guest worker /time
contract worker
Gurdwaras
A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial
data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated,
analyzed, and displayed to the user.
A political border drawn in a regular, geometric manner, often a
straight line, without regard for environmental or cultural patterns
Politics, especially international relations, as influenced by
geographical factors
The drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group,
or incumbent
Centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly
interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and
commerce
Satellite- based system for determining the absolute location of places
or geographic features.
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's
atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by
increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other
pollutants.
The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the
point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of
globalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary
across places and scales.
The Gravity Model is a model used to estimate the amount of
interaction between two cities. It is based on Newton's universal law of
gravitation, which measured the attraction of two objects based off
their mass and distance.
A term for those Americans who fought in World War II, as well as
those who kept the home front intact during it. Some of those who
survived the war then went on to build and rebuild United States
industries in the years following the war.
Invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural
techniques during the 1970s and 1980s.
A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open
space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
Anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide
(emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted
by the surface.
The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a
country during a specific time period, usually one year.
The sum of value added by all producers who are residents in a nation,
plus any product taxes (minus subsidies) not included in output,
plus income received from abroad such as employee compensation and
property income.
A person with temporary permission to work in another country
A Sikh place of worship.
H
Hierarchical Diffusion
Hajj
Hearth
Heartland Theory
(Mackinder)
Heterogeneity
Hierarchical Diffusion
Hierarchical Religion
Homogeneity
Horticulture
Housing bubble
Hull
Human Development
Index (HDI)
Human Geography
Human Environment
Interaction
A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing
first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy
is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over
wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence.
The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of
the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once
during their lifetime.
The region from which innovative ideas originate
Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who wrote a
paper in 1904 called "The Geographical Pivot of History." Mackinder's
paper suggested that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control
of the world. He formulated his hypothesis as- Who rules East Europe
commands the Heartland, Who rules the Heartland commands the
World-Island, Who rules the World Island commands the world.
Mackinder's Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area
of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia).
Is a word that signifies diversity? A classroom consisting of people from
lots of different backgrounds would be considered having the quality
of heterogeneity. The prefix hetero means "other or different," while
the prefix homo means "the same."
The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to
other persons or places
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of
control.
The quality or state of being homogeneous. "The cultural homogeneity
of our society"
Growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
A type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or
global real estate markets, typically following a land boom.
The outer covering of a fruit or seed, especially the pod of peas and
beans, or the husk of grain.
Measure used by the United Nations that calculates development in
terms of human welfare rather than money or productivity. Evaluates
human welfare based on life expectancy, education, and income. ON a
global scale, pattern of human development closely matches pattern of
GNP, but some discrepancies do exist. For example, many countries in
southern Europe (Greece, Portugal, and Spain) fare better on social
welfare than GNP.
One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of
human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.
The second theme of geography as defined by the Geography
Educational National Implementation; reciprocal relationship between
humans and environment.
Hunters and Gatherers
Hydrocarbons
Humans living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by
foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast
to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.
A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the
chief components of petroleum and natural gas.
I
Immigration
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Inequality- adjusted
HDI (IHDI)
Infant mortality rate
(IMR)
Infant mortality rate
In-filling
Informal Sector
Infrastructure
Intensive Subsistence
Agriculture
Internal migration
Internally Displaced
Person/IDP
International Date Line
International Division
of Labor
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the
process of manufacturing goods.
Profound technological and economic changes that arose in England
during late 18th century and rapidly spread to other parts of Europe
and North America. Modern factories, mass-produced goods, and
modern forms of capital investment are all products of this time period.
By early 20th century, mass production and assembly lines had
replaced many specialty goods, indicating a large-scale shift from
dominance in primary sector of economy to dominance in secondary
sector, particularly in NA and Western Europe.
Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country
Total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for
every 1000 live births in a society.
The number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live
births in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live
births occurring among the population of the given geographical area
during the same year.
Building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of
development
The part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any
form of government. Unlike the formal economy, activities of
the informal economy are not included in the gross national product
(GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) of a country.
The underlying framework of services and amenities needed to
facilitate productive activity
Term applied to subsistence agriculture that means that farmers must
work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land.
Permanent movement within the same country
Individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own
country because of conflict or human rights abuse
The international date line is defined as an imaginary line that goes
north and south through the Pacific Ocean, one day is on the east side
of the line and the following day is on the west side.
A division of work between rich and poor countries under which lowwaged workers in the global south do assembly, manufacturing, and
office work on contract to companies based in the global north
International Monetary
Fund (IMF)
Interregional migration
Interrupted Projection
Intertillage
Intervening
obstacle/intervening
opportunity
Intraregional migration
Iron Curtain
Irredentism
Isolated Language
Isoline
is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of
"188 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure
financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high
employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty
around the
Movement from one region of a country to another
The Goode homolosine projection (or interrupted Goode
homolosine projection) is a pseudocylindrical, equal-area, composite
map projection used for world maps. Normally it is presented with
multiple interruptions. Its equal-area property makes it useful for
presenting spatial distribution of phenomena.
The clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other
manual equipment
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders
migration.
Movement within a region
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after
WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory
inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country
but that lies within a neighboring state.
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not
attached to any language family.
A line on a map connecting points having equal incidence of a specified
meteorological feature.
J
Just-in-time delivery
An inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and
decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the
production process, thereby reducing inventory costs.
K
Kurgan Hypothesis
The Proto-Indo-European language diffused from modern day Ukraine
through conquest.
L
Labor Intensive
(Of a form of work) needing a large workforce or a large amount of
work in relation to output. Labor intensive vs. capital intensive needing
a large workforce or a large amount of work in relation to output.
Capital = requiring the investment of large sums of money.
Intensive Industry
Landlocked
Large Scale vs. Small
Scale
Latitude/Parallels
Law of the Seas
LDC/developing
country*
Least-Cost Theory
Life expectancy
Life expectancy*
Literacy rate*
Literary Tradition
Livestock Ranching
Location
Locational
Logogram/Ideogram
Longitude/Meridians
Luxury Crops
A process or industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce
its goods or services. The degree of labor intensity is typically
measured in proportion to the amount of capital required to produce
the goods/services; the higher the proportion of labor costs required,
the more labor intensive the business.
Almost or entirely surrounded by land; having no coastline or seaport.
They are called small scale because the representative fraction is
relatively small. Large scale maps shows smaller areas in more detail,
such as county maps or town plans might.
The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator,
or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually
expressed in degrees and minutes.
Law establishing states’ rights and responsibilities concerning the
ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
Country in an earlier stage of development. Several analysts prefer
the term "developing country"
Alfred Weber (1868-1958) formulated a theory of industrial location
in which an industry is located where it can. Minimize its costs, and
therefore maximize its profits. Weber's least cost theory accounted for
the location of a.
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live,
given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life
expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant
can expect to live.
The average period that a person may expect to live.
Percentage of a country's people who can read and write
Language that is written as well as spoken
The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and
other byproducts such as leather and wool.
The first theme of geography as defined by the Geography
Educational National Implementation Project; the geographical
situation of people and things.
Territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners
A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound.
The angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at
Greenwich, England, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial
object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.
“Hard to get” crops; delicacies; crops that you would not normally
see.
M
Maquiladora
Map Projection
A factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its
products to the country of that company.
The representation on a plane surface of any part of the surface of
the earth or a celestial sphere.
Map
Map Scale
Market Area Analysis
Market Gardening (Truck
Farming)
Maternal mortality rate
MDC/developed country
Median-Line Principle
Medical Revolution
Mediterranean
Agriculture
Megacities
Megalopolis
Mental Map
Mercator projection
Metropolitan Area
Microfinance/Microloans
Microstate
Refers to the mobility of people
Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the
Earth as a whole.
The goal of a market analysis is to determine the attractiveness of
market, both now and in the future. Organizations evaluate the future
attractiveness of a market by gaining an understanding of evolving
opportunities and threats as they relate to that organization's own
strengths and weaknesses.
Commercial gardening and fruit farming named because “truck”
means bartering.
The number of resident maternal deaths within 42 days of pregnancy
termination due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the
puerperium in a specified geographic area (country, state, county,
etc.) divided by total resident live births for the same geographic area
for a specified
Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country,
country that has progressed further along the development
continuum
An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point
between two places.
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is
diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional
causes of death in poorer countries and in abled more people to live
longer and healthier lives.
Form agriculture that takes place along the coasts of the
Mediterranean Sea. The sea winds provide moisture for the crops and
moderate winter temperatures, and this form of agriculture takes
place in hilly, mountainous regions. The two primary cash crops in this
form of agriculture are olives and grapes.
A very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million
people.
A very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and
towns)
Image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an
individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space.
A projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that
all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used
especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.
Sometimes referred to as a metro area or just metro, is a region
consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated
surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.
Microfinance is a broad category of services, which includes
microcredit. Microcredit is provision of credit services to poor clients.
Microcredit is one of the aspects of microfinance and the two are
often confused.
A very small nation that is an internationally-recognized
sovereign state also called mini-state
Migration
Migration transition
Military Dictatorship
Milkshed
Missionary
Mixed Crop and
Livestock Farming
Mobility
Monotheism
Mosque
Movement
Multiethnic state
Multiethnic State
Multinational State
Multiple Nuclei Model
Multiplier effect
Specific type of relocation diffusion, permanent move to a new
location.
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from
industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic
changes that also produce the demographic transition
One person has complete authority- not restricted by constitution,
laws, or opposition; Joseph Stalin
Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without
spoiling.
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area.
The quality of moving freely
The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.
A Muslim place of worship.
Refers to the mobility of people
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each
other as distinct nationalities.
A state that contains more than on ethnicity.
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each
other as distinct nationalities
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are
arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an
increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial
amount spent.
N
Nation
Nation-states
Natural increase rate
(NIR)
Natural Landscape
Neolithic
Revolution/1st Ag.
Revolution
A large body of people, associated with a particularterritory, that is suffic
iently conscious of its unity toseek or to possess a government peculiarly
its own.
An independent country dominated by a relatively homogeneous
culture group
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the
crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
A physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by
human activities.
The shift from hunting animals and gathering food to the keeping of
animals and the growing of food (8,000 BC).
Neo-Malthusian
Net migration
New International
division of labor
Newly Industrialized
country
Nolan’s Stages of
Growth
Nomadic Warrior
Non-basic industries
Non-Material Culture
Non-Renewable
Resource
North American Free
Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
Generally refers to people with the same basic concerns as Malthus,
who advocate population control programs, to ensure resources for
current and future populations.
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of
emigration
It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of
production is no longer confined to national economies. Under the
“old” international division of labor, until around 1970, underdeveloped
areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers
of minerals and agricultural commodities.
Is a term used by political scientists and economists to describe
a country whose level of economic development ranks it somewhere
between the developing and first-world classifications.
Describes the role of information technology, and how it grows within
an organization.
The first proto Indo-European speakers were the Kurgans near the
border between Russia and Kazakhstan
A distinction made in economic base analysis that describes a service
business sector that offers its products primarily within a particular
region. A non-basic industry provides support services to a basic
industry.
Things that have no physical existence, such as language, ideas,
knowledge, and behaviors
A resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by
natural means on a level equal to its consumption. Most fossil fuels,
such as oil, natural gas and coal are considered
Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico and the United States in
December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate
the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross border movement of
goods and services between the countries.
An alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any
other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European
countries
O
Offshore financial
services
Operational
Organic Theory
(Ratzel)
Offer low tax rates and privacy laws for wealthy corporations and
individuals
Boundaries that move according to operations or functions
Developed the concept of “Lebensraum” or “living space” Meant that as
the concept of a state increasing its size to prosper. Twisted by later
theorists to justify the beginning of WWII. State are like organisms and
have a life cycle with similar stages youth, maturity, and old age. States
can nourish themselves by expanding. Borders are temporary.
Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
Outsourcing
Overpopulation
Ozone Depletion
OPEC is defined as an abbreviation for Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries, which is a union of oil producing countries that
regulate the amount of oil each country is able to produce. An example
of OPEC members are Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.
Sending industrial processes out for external production, typically
where labor is cheaper than internal labor. In terms of manufacturing,
bulk-gaining industries are not typically outsourced because of high
transportation costs. Originally most outsourcing occurred in secondary,
manufacturing related activities. Increasingly, firms are outsourcing
service-based jobs.
The Number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the
environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Is simply the wearing out (reduction) of the amount of ozone in the
stratosphere.
P
Paddy
Pagodas
Passive vs. active solar
energy system
Pastoral Nomadism
Pasture
Pattern
Perceptual/Vernacular
Region
Perforated state
Periodic market
Periodic movement
Peripheral/Galactic
City Model
Peters Projection
Photochemical Smog
Inaccurate name given by Europeans and North Americans to the
flooded field in which wet rice is planted; Malay word for wet rice.
A Hindu or Buddhist temple or sacred building, typically a many-tiered
tower, in India and East Asia.
Passive solar energy can be exploited through architectural design, as by
positioning windows to allow sunlight to enter and help heat a space.
Active solar energy involves the conversion of sunlight to electrical
energy, especially in solar (photovoltaic) cells. See also solar cell.
Form of agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing
animals, especially cattle or sheep.
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a sturdy area.
A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity from
people's informal sense of place such as mental maps
A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
When small vendors from all around meet up at a certain location to
sell goods sometimes weekly and sometimes annually (Farmers Market)
Movement for example, college attendance or military service that
involves temporary, recurrent relocation.
A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city
surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied
together by a beltway or ring road.
A form of modified world map projection that attempts to reflect
accurately the relative surface areas of landmasses, an approach which
gives greater prominence (than do standard representations) to
equatorial countries Compare Mercator projection.
Air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemicalcompounds fo
rmed by the action of sunlight on nitrogenoxides and hydrocarbons, esp
ecially those in automobile exhaust.
Physical boundary
Physical Geography
Physiological density
Pilgrimage
Place
Planned Communities
Plantation
Plural society
Point-Source Pollution
Polytheism
Population density
Population
Distribution
Population projection
Possibilism
Post-Fordist
Post-industrial society
Potential reserve
Primary sector
Primate city
Primate city rule
A physical boundary is a naturally occurring barrier between two areas.
Rivers, mountain ranges, oceans, and deserts can all serve as physical
boundaries. Many times, political boundaries between countries or
states form along physical boundaries.
One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial
analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural
phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
The number of people per unit area of arable land
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
Uniqueness of a location. (Sense of place) State of mind derived through
the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering
important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a
certain character.
Is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is
typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts
with settlements that evolve in a more ad hoc fashion.
Large farm that specializes in one or two crops.
A society combining ethnic contrasts; each group holds by its own
religion, its own culture and language, its own ideas and ways.
Point source pollution, on the most basic level, is water pollution that
comes from a single, discrete place, typically a pipe. The Clean Water Act
specifically defines a "point source" in section 502(14) of the Act
Belief in or worship of more than one god
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
The pattern of where people live. World population distribution is
uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places
which are densely populated contain many people. Sparsely populated
places tend to be difficult places to live.
Estimates of total size or composition of populations in the future.
The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations,
but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of
workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
A term used by social theorists to describe the stage of economic
development that follows industrialization. The postindustrial
society emphasizes not the production of goods, but of services, which
depend on intelligent designers and users of technology.
The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identifies but thought to
exist
Where workers extract materials from Earth through agriculture, and
sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry; the portion of the economy
concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface,
generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing,
and forestry
A primate city is the largest city in its country or region,
disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement
has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Prime Agricultural
Land
Prime Meridian
Productivity
Proportional Symbol
Prorupted state
Protolanguages
Proven reserve
Public Housing
Public services
Pull factor
Purchasing power
parity (PPP)
Push factor
Is a designation assigned by U.S. Department
of Agriculture defining land that has the best combination of physical
and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and
oilseed crops and is also available for these land uses.
The earth's zero of longitude, which by convention passes through
Greenwich, England.
Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed
to make it
As in the choropleth technique, data are classed and then each class is
assigned a symbol of a distinctly different size. While most cartographers
use the terms “proportional point symbol map” and “graduated
point symbol map” interchangeably, in ArcMap these two terms have
specific meaning.
A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away
from the main territory
Language ancestral to several daughter languages
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits
Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to
low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families'
incomes.
The business of supplying a commodity (as electricity or gas)
or service (as transportation) to any or all members of a community.
Factors that induce people to leave old residences
Monetary measurement of development that takes into account what
money buys in different countries.
Factors that induce people to leave old residences
Q
Quaternary sector
Quinary Sector
Quotas
Is a way to describe a knowledge-based part of the economy.
Which typically includes services such as information technology,
information-generation and sharing, media, and research and
development, as well as knowledge-based services like
consultation, education, financial
The quinary sector is the branch of a country's economy where
high-level decisions are made by top-level executives in the
government, industry, business, education, media and nonprofit
organizations. The quinary sector is the top economic sector.
Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to
the US during a one-year-period.
R
Racism
Ranching
Range
Rank size rule
Reaper
Recession
Redistricting
Redlining
Reference/General Purpose
Map
Refugees
Region
Relative Location
Relic boundary
Relocation Diffusion
Remittances
A belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and
capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent
superiority of a particular race.
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area.
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a
service.
the principle that many things all over the world, for example the
sizes of cities or businesses, or how rich people are, follow the
same pattern in relation to their rank on a list. According to the
rank-size rule, a rank 3 city would have ⅓ the population of a
country's largest city, a rank four city would have ¼ the
population of the largest city, and so on.
A person or machine that harvests a crop.
A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and
industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP
in two successive quarters.
Divide or organize (an area) into new political or school districts.
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend
money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
Maps are usually classified according to their use. General purpose
maps, sometimes referred to as reference maps, show both
natural and human-made features such as coastlines, lakes, rivers,
boundaries, settlements, roads, rail lines, and others.
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and
cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race,
religion, nationality, membership of a social group, of political
opinion
The third theme of geography as defined by the Geography
Educational National Implementation Project; an area on the
Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or
perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.
The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position
of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect
relative location.
They no longer exist as international boundaries.
Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are
transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas
and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation
diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by migrating
population.
A sum of money sent, especially by mail, in payment for goods or
services or as a gift.
Remote Sensing
Renewable Resource
Renewable resources
(hydroelectric,
geothermal)*
Ridge Tillage
Right-to-work states
Rimland Theory (Spykman)
Robinson Projection
Rostow Development Model
Rural enclosure movement
A method of collecting data or information through the use of
instruments (e.g. satellites) that are physically distant from the
area or object of study.
Any resource, such as wood or solar energy, that can or will be
replenished naturally in the course of time.
A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not
depleted when used by humans
System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm
production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and
company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join
a union as a condition of employment.
McKinder believed that whoever controlled the center, controlled
all. In contrast to his mentor, Spykman felt that real power came
with access to water. The Rimland is the exterior or coast of a
country or continent. Spykman refers to the South, West, and East
edges of Eurasia.
Balances projection errors, doesn't maintain
size/shape/distance/direction
Model developed in 1960 that describes a countries development
progression as occurring in 5 stages transforming it from a leastdeveloped to most-developed country. In stage 1, country is
dominated by primary economic activities. In stage 2,
preconditions for take-off emerge, including commercialization of
agriculture. In stage 3- foreign investment pours in, jump-starting
an economy prepped for growth. In stage 4- a broad
manufacturing and commercial base is developed. In stage 5 a
country is characterized by high mass consumption and high per
capita incomes.
This was in the 1600s when English farmers accelerated the
process of fencing off, or enclosing, common lands into individual
holdings, largely for the benefit of the already wealthy landholders
S
Sacred Space
Salad bowl
Sanitary Landfills
A sacred space is a place dedicated to whatever you choose. “A
sacred space doesn't have to be religious, although it is for some
people,”
According to the Salad Bowl Theory there are times when newly
arrived immigrants do not lose the unique aspects of their cultures
like in the melting pot model, instead they retain them.
Are sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is
safe. It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically,
chemically and physically. In high-income countries, the level of
isolation achieved may be high.
Satellite state
Salah
Second Agricultural
Revolution
Secondary Sector
Sector Model
Secularism
Sedentary
Farmer/Agriculture
Seed Agriculture
Self-determination
Semi-peripheral model
Sequent Occupance
Services
Settlements
Sex Ratio
Shatter belt
Shifting Cultivation
Shrines
Site
Site Factors
A political term that refers to a country which is formally
independent, but under heavy influence or control by another
country.
A flooded field for growing rice
Agricultural benefited from the Industrial revolution, causing the
Second Agricultural Revolution. The 2 revolutions occurred from
1700 to 1900 in developed countries. Used technology provided by
the Industrial Revolution to increase production and distribution of
products. Fields were now doubled or tripled in size but still the
same amount of labor. This increased in productivity and allowed
population to increase on both a local and a global scale. Many less
developed countries are still in the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing the
process, transformation, and assembly of raw materials into useful
products
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups
are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out
from the central business district (CBD).
The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated
and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the
prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife
Having an Anatalian hearth in Turkey which spread into Europe
and some of central Asia. One of the two theories of the origin and
diffusion of Indo-European languages
Reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that
result from sexual fertilization.
The ability of a government to determine their own course of their
own free will
Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of
living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia. Semiperiphery countries offer their citizens relatively diver’s economic
opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.
The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints
on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
The action of helping or doing work for someone.
A place, typically one that has hitherto been uninhabited, where
people establish a
community.
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
An area of instability between regions with opposing political and
cultural values
People shift actively from one field to another.
A place regarded as holy because of its associations with a divinity
or a sacred person or relic, typically marked by a building or other
construction.
A physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate,
water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production
inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Situation Factors
Situation
Slash-and-Burn (Swidden)
Smart Growth
Social Area Analysis
Social distance
Social Indicators
Socialism/Mixed Economy
Soil Depletion
Sovereignty
Spanglish/Denglish/Franglais
Spatial Interaction
Special Economic Zones
(SEZs)
Spring Wheat
Standard Language
State
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into
and from a factory.
The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to
indicate location finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its
importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning
their accessibility to other places
Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning
the debris. Swidden is the cleared area that is known by a variety
of names in different regions (swidden is the name in one specific
region).
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve
farmland.
The distribution of characteristics and create an overall picture of
where various types of people tend to live census tracts. Uses
ethnicity.
A measure of the perceived degree of social separation between
individuals, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, or other groupings; the
voluntary or enforced segregation of two or more distinct social
groups for most activities.
Are numerical measures that describe the well-being of individuals
or communities. Indicators are comprised of one variable or
several components combined into an index. They are used to
describe and evaluate community well-being in terms of social,
economic, and psychological welfare.
A mixed economic system is an economic system that features
characteristics of both capitalism and socialism.
Removal of nutrients, biological diversity, or structural quality due
to improper extractive practices.
A principle of international relations that holds that final authority
over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the
legitimate rulers of independent states.
Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by
Hispanic/Americans.
A realized movement of people, freight, or information between
an origin and a destination. It is transport demand/supply
relationship expressed over a geographical space.
Refers to designated areas in countries with special
economic regulations that differ from other areas in the same
country. These regulations tend to contain measures that are
conducive to foreign direct investment.
Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.
The form of a language used for official government business,
education, and mass communications.
A politically organized territory that is administered by sovereign
government and is recognized by a significant portion of the
international community. A state has a defined territory, a
permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other
states.
State-less
Stimulus Diffusion
Structural adjustment model
Subsequent boundary
Suburbanization
Superimposed boundary
Superpower
Supply
Supranational
Sustainability
Sustainable Agriculture
Sweatshop
Swidden
Synagogues
Syncretic
Religion/Syncretism
Nation that does not have a state.
A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a
result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.
Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by
international agencies to create conditions encouraging
international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government
spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to
private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.
A boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural
landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes.
The process of population movement from within towns and cities
to the rural-urban fringe.
A boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which
ignores pre-existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial
boundary).
A very powerful and influential nation (used especially with
reference to the US and the former Soviet Union when these were
perceived as the two most powerful nations in the world).
The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.
Having power or influence that transcends national boundaries or
governments.
Provide for people without diminishing ability to provide for
future generations
Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental
quality.
A factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where
manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours
and under poor conditions.
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
The building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for
religious worship and instruction.
The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait.
T
Technology Gap
Temple
Territorial seas
Terrorism
Tertiary sector
The difference between people who use computers and mobile
devices on a daily basis and those who do not. Also known as the
"digital divide" or "app gap." See creative destruction.
A building devoted to the worship, or regarded as the dwelling
place, of a god or gods or other objects of religious reverence.
Any dispute over land ownership
The use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
Portion of the economy concerned with the transportation,
communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision
of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment
Tertiary
Textile
The zone of transition
Thematic Layers
Thematic/Special Purpose
Map
Theocracy
Third Agricultural
Revolution/ Green
Revolution
Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus
Thresh
Threshold
Time- Space Compression
Toponym
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Traditional Economy
The tertiary sector of the economy (also known as the service sector
or the service industry) is one of the three economic sectors, the
others being the secondary sector (approximately the same as
manufacturing) and the primary sector (agriculture, fishing, and
extraction such as mining).
A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing the cumulative
and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a
national economy
Is an area of flux where the land use is changing?
GIS; overlaid to analyze spatial relationships
A thematic map is a type of map especially designed to show a
particular theme connected with a specific geographic area.
These maps "can portray physical, social, political, cultural,
economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city,
state, region, nation, or continent".
A state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is
deemed to be divinely guided or under the control of a group of
religious leaders.
Latter half of 20th century. Corresponded with the exponential
growth occurring around the world, a direct result of the second
agricultural revolution and its profound effect on Europe's ability to
feed itself. Included biotechnology and genetic engineering. Also
involves increase in chemical fertilizers. Mass production of
agricultural goods.
Malthus expected population to grow more rapidly than food
supply.
First one to observe that rapidly increasing population will cause
overpopulation and not enough resources for all of the people.
To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.
In central place theory, the size of the population required to make
provision of services economically feasible.
Time–space compression (also known as space–time compression
and time–space destination), articulated in 1989 by geographer
David Harvey in The Condition of Postmodernity, refers to any
phenomenon that alters the qualities of and relationship
between space and time.
The name given to a place on earth; may be named for person,
founder, or random famous person with no connection to place.
Places can change names.
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her
childbearing years.
Is an original economic system in which traditions, customs, and
beliefs shape the goods and the services the economy produces, as
well as the rules and manner of their distribution? It's very useful in
all countries to provide goods for others.
Transhumance
Transnational Cooperation
Transnational Corporation
(TNC)
Truck farms
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland
pasture areas.
Take advantage of geographic differences in wages, labor laws,
environmental regulations, taxes, and distribution of natural
resources by locating various aspects of production in different
countries. Many TNCs are conglomerate corporations, meaning firms
comprised of many smaller firms than serve several different
functions.
Take advantage of geographic differences in wages, labor laws,
environmental regulations, taxes, and distribution of natural
resources by locating various aspects of production in different
countries. Many TNCs are conglomerate corporations, meaning firms
comprised of many smaller firms that serve several different
functions.
Horticultural or “market gardening” farms.
U
Unauthorized
Underclass
Undernourishment/
Malnourishment
Undocumented
immigrant
Unitary
United Nations (UN)
United Nations
Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS)
Universalizing/Proselytic
Religion
Urban Heat Island
Urban Hierarchy
Urbanization
/suburbanization
Urbanization
The term preferred by academic observers, including the
authoritative Pew Hispanic Center as a neutral term.
A group in society prevented from participating in the material
benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social
and economic characteristics.
The outcome of insufficient food intake and repeated infectious
diseases. It includes being underweight for one's age, too short for
one's age (stunted), dangerously thin for one's height (wasted) and
deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrition).
Is the term preferred by groups that advocate for more rights for
these individuals?
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the
hands of central government officials.
An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote
international peace and security
A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that
authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12
nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200 nautical-mile wide (370.km.
wide) exclusive economic zones.
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living
in a particular location.
Is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its
surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis)
according to their size and economic functions.
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in
urban settlements
The process by which cities grow or by which societies become more
urban.
V
Value added
Vegetative Planting
Vertical Integration
Voluntary migration
Von Thunen’s Model of
Agriculture
Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and
energy
Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such
as cutting stems.
The combination in one company of two or more stages of
production normally operated by separate companies.
Permanent movement undertaken by choice
Model that shows that the uses to which panels were put was a
function of the differing “rent” values placed on seemingly identical
lands.
W
Wallerstein’s World
Systems Theory
Warsaw Pact
Wet Rice
Winnowed:
Winter Wheat:
World Bank
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his
three tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing
world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the
developed world
Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern
European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately
flooded field to promote growth.
To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.
Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides
loans to developing countries for capital programs
World City:
A city in which a disproportionate part of the world's most important business
is conducted. Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy.
Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but
rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.
World Trade Organization:
World Trade Organization works to negotiate rules of trade among the
member states
Z
Zero population growth
(ZPG)
Zone in Transition
Zoning
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural
increase rate equals zero.
Zone of transition is the area between the factory zone and the
working class zone in the concentric zone model of urban structure
devised by Ernest Burgess.
A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of
development in a community.