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`Unit One 1. 0 degrees latitude 2. 0 degrees longitude – passes through Greenwich, England 3. a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator 4. a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic date 5. A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic 6. a system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth 7. A two-dimension or flat scale model of something 8. an arc drawn between North and South poles 9. an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features 10. divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers 11. greater cultural and economic interaction among people all over the world 12. master reference time for all points on Earth 13. numbering system for meridians (axis between North and South poles) 14. numbering system for parallels 15. physical character of a place 16. the acquisition of data from a satellite orbiting Earth or from another longdistance method 17. the location of a place relative to other places 18. the name given to a place on Earth 19. the physical gap or intervals between two objects 20. the position that something occupies on Earth 21. the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole 22. the science of mapmaking 23. the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map 24. The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the physical environment 25. The study of where and why human activities are located where they are 26. The study where and why natural forces occur as they do Unit Two 1. A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and gender. 2. A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. 3. A figure that describes the number of children who die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population. 4. A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other. 5. a model that tracks the steps through which a society’s population moves as a country/region progresses towards industrialization 6. a person with temporary permission to work in another country 7. An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. 8. an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements 9. British economist of late 1700’s. Considered the first to predict a population crisis. 10. CBR – CDR = NIR 11. change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition 12. factors that induce people to leave old residences 13. factors that induce people to come to new residences 14. Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase. 15. Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth. 16. group who built on Malthus’ theory and suggested that people wouldn’t just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources. 17. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain, this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level. 18. large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world. 19. Large-scale emigration by talented people. 20. migration from a location 21. migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there 22. migration to a location 23. movement from one region of a country to another 24. movement within a region 25. Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries. 26. Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate. 27. people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group, of political opinion 28. permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors 29. permanent movement from one country to another 30. permanent movement undertaken by choice 31. permanent movement within the same country 32. the amount of people an area can support 33. the area of land occupied by humans 34. the average number of children a woman has in her lifetime 35. the development of farming 36. the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration 37. The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. 38. The distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how countries’ population changes. 39. the leap of medical knowledge in stage 2 of the demographic transition 40. The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources. 41. The number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a population. 42. The number of live births yearly per 1,000 people in a population. 43. The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. 44. the number of people who can’t work 45. The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the ruralurban fringe. 46. The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population. You can use an age distribution to estimate survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes. 47. the ratio of men to women 48. the scientific study of population characteristics 49. The shape of a line graph of population graph when growth is exponential. 50. the space within which daily activity occurs 51. the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model. 52. the time it takes for an area’s population to double 53. The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society. 54. The total number of people divided by the total land area. 55. too many people in one place for the resources available 56. Where natural birth rate declines to equal crude birth rate and the natural rate of population approaches 0. Unit Three 1. A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate 2. A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family. 3. a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history 4. A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. 5. a dialect spoken by some African Americans 6. a religious division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body 7. A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. 8. a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times 9. A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. 10. a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes 11. A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family. 12. A language that is written as well as spoken 13. a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated 14. A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used. 15. a large and fundamental division within a religion 16. A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. 17. A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. 18. A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the environment. 19. A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation 20. a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination 21. a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control 22. a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location 23. a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally 24. a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution 25. a repetitive act that a particular individual performs. 26. a restriction on a behavior imposed by a social custom. 27. a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe 28. A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. 29. A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning 30. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. 31. an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion 32. Any item, made by humans, that represents a material aspect of culture 33. belief in or worship of more than one god 34. belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life 35. Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences product an inherent superiority of a particular race.. 36. British Received Pronunciation. The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered a standard, 37. Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans. 38. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. 39. Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. 40. during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of the city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure 41. Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change 42. Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. 43. Identity with a group of people that share distinct traits as a product of common cultural traditions. 44. Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. 45. Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. 46. literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). 47. Locations on earth’s surface where specific cultures first arose. 48. Modifications to the environment by humans, including the built environment and agricultural systems, that reflect aspects if their culture 49. Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group. 50. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. 51. Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcible removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region. 52. Diffusion of a new idea by movement of people to that new area 53. Speaking only one language. 54. State that contains more than one ethnicity. 55. State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self- determination 56. symbol that stands for a concept rather than a word 57. The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore 58. the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law 59. The contact and interaction of one culture to another. 60. the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god 61. the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language) 62. The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. 63. The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings. 64. the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world 65. the name by which a geographical place is known 66. The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture 67. the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another. 68. The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture. 69. the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area 70. the study of where languages are found/located 71. The theory that people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment 72. the widespread use of English in the French language, Unit Four 1. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland 2. a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly 3. a state that completely surrounds another one 4. a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea 5. a state that encompasses a very small land area 6. a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory 7. a state with a long, narrow shape 8. a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent 9. a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control 10. ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states 11. an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs 12. an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government 13. an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials 14. an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension 15. attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory 16. condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries 17. control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society 18. invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory 19. process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power Unit Five 1. “hard to get” crops; delicacies; crops that you would not normally see. 2. agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality. 3. explains how population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming. 4. commercial gardening and fruit farming named because “truck” means bartering. 5. commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. 6. farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris. Swidden is the cleared area that is known by a variety of names in different regions (swidden is the name in one specific region). 7. first one to observe that rapidly increasing population will cause overpopulation and not enough resources for all of the people. 8. first to observe vegetable planting. 9. form of agriculture that takes place along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The two primary cash crops in this form of agriculture are olives and grapes. 10. form of agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. 11. found in LDCs. Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family. 12. found in more developed countries; production of food primarily for sale off the farm. 13. growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. 14. inaccurate name given by Europeans and North Americans to the flooded field in which wet rice is planted; Malay word for wet rice. 15. invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s. 16. large farm that specializes in one or two crops. 17. people shift actively from one field to another. 18. practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil. 19. process in semiarid regions where human actions are causing land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition. 20. reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization. 21. ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling. 22. system of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively developed countries. 23. system of planting crops on ridge tops to reduce farm production costs; promotes soil conservation. 24. term applied to subsistence agriculture that means that farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land. 25. when farmers grow crops on a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then leave the soil for a few year so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land. 26. Process of moving up and down the side of a mountain to adjust to climate changes Unit Six 1. Approach that explains how many industries are attracted to locations with relatively skilled labor to introduce new rules. 2. Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, country that has progressed further along the development continuum. 3. Characteristics that involve transporting materials to and from a factory. 4. Characteristics that result from the unique characteristics of a location, such as land, labor, and capital. 5. Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision-making. 6. Country in an earlier stage of development. Several analysts prefer the term “developing country.” 7. Country that displays economic dependence on another country 8. Created by the United Nations to recognize a country’s level of development as function of three factors: economic, social, and demographic factors. 9. Creator of the model that states that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization. 10. Economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs. 11. Economic activity that directly extracts or harvests resources from the Earth. 12. Economic activity that links the primary and secondary sectors to the consumers and other businesses either by selling goods directly or by performing services utilizing those goods. 13. Economic activity that transforms raw materials into usable products, adding value in the process. 14. Economic policies that encourage international trade. 15. Fundamental systems serving a country, city, or area, such as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools. 16. Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy. 17. Home-based manufacturing. An example of this is textile manufacturing. 18. Industrial parks for foreign companies to conduct export-oriented manufacturing. 19. industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement 20. Industry producing goods or services for sale within the local region. 21. Industry that locate in a wide variety of places without a significant change in its cost of transportation, land, labor, and capital. 22. Industry that makes something that gain volume or weight during production. 23. Like GDP, only the incomes that people earn abroad are also considered. 24. Lower production costs as a result of larger volume of production. 25. Model created in the 1950’s that gives an idea of where a country is in their stage of development. There are five stages in this model, 26. Percentage of a country’s people who can read and write. 27. Phenomenon of economic activity congregating in or close to a single location, rather than being spread out uniformly across space. 28. Point of location where transfer among transportation modes is possible. 29. Portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing the process, transformation, and assembly of raw materials into useful products. 30. Portion of the economy concerned with the transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. 31. Process of improving economic/material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology. 32. Revolution that transformed how goods are produced for a society and the way people obtain food, clothing, and shelter. 33. Sector that includes jobs that focus on business services, such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling. 34. Selective transfer of skilled jobs in MDCs to LDCs that still allow skilled jobs to exist in MDCs. 35. State that has prevented a union or company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment. 36. States that optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization. 37. Term that analysts use instead of the term “less developed country.” 38. Type of “industrial competition” in which the countries within a group cooperate through trade, and these groups compete against the other 39. Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense. 40. Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. 41. Value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time (normally one year). Also known as GNI (Gross National Income). 42. Wealth, whether in money or property, owned or employed in business by an individual, firm, or corporation. 43. What a state’s dollar can actually buy compared to another state’s dollar; what a country is able to buy. 44. the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry. Unit Seven 1. a community’s collection of basic industries 2. a market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area. 3. a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach this service. 4. a pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. 5. a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. 6. a permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants. 7. a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. 8. a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. 9. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. 10. a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther 11. any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. 12. area studied using a method created by the US Bureau of the Census that measures the functional area of a city. 13. businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services. 14. city around a beltway that is a node of consumer and business services 15. density change in an urban area. 16. drawing of lines on a map to identify areas in which banks will refuse to loan money. 17. Greek word for “great city.” Region described as an MSA that may overlap and cause several large metropolitan areas to come so close together that they form one continuous urban complex. 18. housing maintained as result of the alternative to demolishing houses. 19. housing provided to low-income households, who pay 30% of their income as rent for the housing. 20. industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community. 21. legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland. 22. mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways. 23. model created by CD Harris and EL Ullman in 1945, which explains that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. 24. model created by Chauncey Harris, which describes how an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. 25. model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings on a tree. 26. name given to the second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model. This place typically contains industry and poor-quality housing. 27. process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing. 28. process of legally adding land area to a city. 29. process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people. 30. rings of open space. New housing is built in the older suburbs within the rings and planned extensions, small towns, and new towns are built beyond the rings. 31. rules developed in Europe and North America in the 20th century that encouraged spatial separation. They also prevented mixing of land uses within the same district. 32. services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses. 33. services that primarily help people conduct business. 34. services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses 35. services that provide goods for sale to consumers. 36. settlement where a large percentage of poor immigrants to urban areas in LDCs live because of a housing shortage. 37. site in which dwellings are dispersed throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project. 38. smaller urban areas that the census has designated to include in part of their measure. 39. something under which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, and build new roads and utilities. 40. the area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered. 41. the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services. 42. the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. 43. the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. 44. the minimum number of people needed to support the service. 45. the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms n England during the eighteenth century. 46. theory developed by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, which explains that a city develops in a series of sectors rather than rings. 47. what inner-city residents are frequently referred to because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems. 48. what US suburbs are characterized by; the progressive spread of development over the landscape.