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SETTLEMENTS By- Tanmaye, Jono And Meghana Vocabulary Settlements Urban settlements Rural settlements Dispersed settlements Linear settlements Nucleated settlements Site Situation Intervening obstacles Brain drain Quotas Refugees Some more vocabulary words IDP’s Guest workers Hierarchy(for settlements) Land use Morphology Central business district Burgess model Hoyt model Urbanization Suburbanization Reurbanization Urban sprawl Rural-Urban Fringe Case Study- Sardinia Sardinia is a small Italian island in the Mediterranean sea. It has a population of about 1.7million people. 50 years ago, the income was dependent on agriculture and mining. But, in these 50 years, the tourist development took over the costal areas. A large number of towns were built which boosted the economy of the island. For example.Cagliari- the capital city and the main economic hub if the island. It has one of the biggest fish market in Italy. Carbonia- this city was built to provide housing for the miners. Carbonia is the Italian word for coal. Burgess Model The land value is highest in the center of a town or a city and that’s because competition is higher towards the middle of a settlement. This results in high rises, high density buildings etc. being formed in or around the central business district. It also means low density developments are on the edge of the town or city. Hoyt Model Based on the Burgess model but it also includes sections for similar land use. These could be following a main road or a railway line. Case Study- Barcelona A good example of the Hoyt Model is the land use in Barcelona. Towards the middle is the CBD with strips coming out of the low class residence and high class residences. Also around the outside is the middle class housing. Toward the northern hills, are located number of villas which form the high class residency zone. A large number of high rise apartments were built near the route ways for the migrants from Spain . Slums Slum housing is an example of urban decay. Slums are settlements, neighborhoods or city regions that cannot provide the basic living conditions necessary for its inhabitants or slum dwellers to live in a safe and healthy environments. Slums are problematic during natural disasters and their overcrowded living conditions leads to lots of transmittable diseases. Slums are often formed during the rapid urbanizion in a developing country. Slums are defined as a settlement that cannot provide one of the following living characteristics. Housing that protects against extreme climatic conditions Sufficient living space.(not more than 3 people sharing the same room) Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price. Access to adequate sanitation . Security that prevents forced evictions. Traffic Congestion As more people to the edge of towns or cities, traffic congestion becomes a problem. Smaller roads lead to bigger roads and motorways which creates a bottleneck and therefore congestion. This generally happens as people go to work in the CBD. Some ways that cities have tries to manage the problem is through cycle lanes, buses, pedestrian only zones, permit holder parking, vehicle exclusion zones, car pooling and traffic planning. Traffic congestion has proven to be a challenge for large cities around the world. Sphere of influence What is the Sphere of Influence? As you go up the settlement hierarchy, the sphere of influence grows Therefore, as you go down it shrinks Example: Manchester United (football club) Housing Types: Council, Detatched, Semi-detatched, Terranced, Bungalow, Flats Reasons for different types of housing: family size, divorces, marriages, runaways, migrants, etc. Necessities: water supply, avoidance of natural hazards, defense, population, supplies Types of settlements Nucleated A settlement that surrounds an important feature of a city/town. Dispersed A settlement that is a scatter of individual farms or houses, there are no nucleations or they only consist of two or three buildings. (Hamlet) Urban Rural (isolated, (large town, city, conurbation) hamlet, village, small town) Causes of Settlements Nucleation Dispersion Preference of group living Physical conditions Good supply Limited resources Transport Less risk of war Protection Divided land for agriculture Settlement Hierarchy The classification of different settlements according to their shapes and sizes is called settlement hierarchy. As we move up the pyramid, the population increases. The small settlements only provide small scale services and the big settlements provide large scale services. Big settlements attract more people than small settlements because they have a larger sphere of influence. The range of a product is the maximum distance that people are ready to travel to buy it.
