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GRAMMAR STUDY-3 PREPARED BY; KARTIKA NOEZ 5/23/2017 1 SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS • It is common in English sentences that they do not follow the standard word order ( S+V(+O and/or C). In certain situations, inverted subject-verb word order is used. That is, the subject of a sentence is placed after the first helping verb or after BE. If there is no verb BE or if there is no helping verb, the helping verb DO is added as the first verb of the sentence. This inverted subject-verb word order is most common in direct questions, but it is also common in other situations. 1. After special expressions of location: On the beach were five beach umbrellas Expression of location Nowhere Exp. Of location 5/23/2017 did 1st V V S he see her S 2 Cont’d 2. After Special negative (no, not, and never) and almost negative (hardly, rarely, scarcely, not only, at no time, barely, only, seldom, etc.) expressions: Never had I seen such a glorious sight. Negative 1st V S Only after he saw her did he understand* 1st V Almost negative S * NOTE: When the negative or almost negative expression is part of a subordinate clause, the subject and verb of the subordinate clause are not inverted. The subject and the verb of the main clause are inverted. 3. After the special expressions so and neither So happy was she V that she danced around the room. S I didn’t like the coffee, and neither did Mike. V 5/23/2017 S 3 Cont’d 4. In conditional sentences that do not begin with if With If : If he had seen you, he would have greeted you. S Without If : Had he seen you, he would have greeted you. 1st V 5/23/2017 V S 4 SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT • S/V agreement with PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES S (prep. Phrase) V The subject of the lectures was quite interesting The chairs under the table in the dining room are quite comfortable • Agreement After Expressions of Quantity all most some OF THE (OBJECT) V half part When an expression of quantity using of is the subject, the verb agrees with the object. 5/23/2017 5 SPECIAL S-V AGREEMENT RULES a. Some pronouns take singular verbs even though the pronouns may seem plural in meaning. These pronouns include: anybody anyone anything nobody no one nothing somebody someone something everybody everyone everything each either neither Everybody likes the pie. b. When subjects are joined by either/or, neither/nor, or not only/but also, the verb agrees with the closer subject. Not only the teacher but also the students are going to the conference. c. When subjects are joined by and or by both/and, they take a plural verb. Both Anne and Fred are coming tonight 5/23/2017 6 Cont’d d. None, all, some, any, most, majority, and other similar expressions can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun that comes after them. None of the sugar was eaten None of the students were pleased e. A number of requires a plural verb. The number of requires a singular verb. A number of my friends were here last night. The number of classes has been reduced. f. In the sentences beginning with there or here, the verb agrees with the real subject, which comes after the verb Here are the pictures you wanted 5/23/2017 7 Cont’d g. A pair of, a flock of, a herd of, and other expressions indicating groups of things or animals take singular verbs even though nouns used with them will be plural. A pair of swans mates for life. h. Some nouns which look plural are really singular and take singular verbs. These words include: news, politics, and some other abstract nouns mathematics, physics, linguistics, and any other academic subjects that end in –s Linguistics is his major. i. Expressions showing quantities of time, money, weight, and volume look plural but take singular verbs. Three days is enough time to finish this project Five dollars is too much to pay for this notebook. 5/23/2017 8 Cont’d j. Some nouns which look singular are really plural and take plural verbs. These nouns include those for which the singular and the plural form are the same. Some of these nouns are: fish deer Plural : The magazine series are all located in the reference section of the library : This television series is a popular one. Singular species series j. Nouns which refer to a country or a nationality can be singular or plural. When one of these words refers to a language, it is singular. When one of these words refers to the people of a country, it is plural. French is a difficult language The French are interesting people 5/23/2017 9 A. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS • (same structure) and but or (same structure) B. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS both either neither not only 5/23/2017 and (same structure) or (same structure) nor but also 10 DEGREES OF COMPARISONS: SOME IRREGULAR FORMS • ADJECTIVES good bad much/ many little far __ 5/23/2017 • ADVERBS better worse best worst more less farther further most least farthest furthest well better best badly much little far __ worse more less farther further worst most least farthest furthest 11