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6th grade ELA- Grammar Definition: A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea Anything you can see, touch, smell, taste, or hear is a noun. Types of nouns: Proper, Common, Singular, Plural, Collective, Abstract, Possessive Fold a sheet of paper like a hamburger, then like a hotdog. Label your four squares. For People at (school name) Places in (town/city/county) Things I see daily Ideas I use at (school name) each category, make a list of 10 nouns that fit the description A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing is almost always capitalized. Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized. Fold a sheet of paper like a hotdog. Proper nouns I see each day For Common nouns I see each day each category, list 20 nouns that fit the description A singular noun is used to describe a single noun. Anytime you have one of something, it is singular. A plural noun is changed to indicate more than one of something. The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s more than one snake = snakes Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural more than one witch = witches more than one box = boxes more than one gas = gases There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms more than more than more than more than more than one mouse = mice one child = children one man = men one person = people one goose = geese Plurals of words that end in -f or -fe usually change the f sound to a v sound and add s or –es more than one knife = knives more than one leaf = leaves With words that end in a consonant and a y, you'll need to change the y to an i and add es more than one baby = babies Fold a sheet of paper like a hotdog. Plural nouns I see Look Singular nouns I see around the classroom and list twenty for each. Abstract nouns are kind of word that is not tangible, such as warmth, justice, grief, and peace. You cannot see, feel, touch, smell, or hear an abstract noun. These are the nouns that fit into the category of “Idea.” Make a list of abstract nouns that you use each day (feelings, personal characteristics, ideas) Example: I use my motivation to get up on time each day. Motivation is an abstract noun. Collective nouns are singular nouns but refer to a group or more than one of something Examples: Audience band class crowd dozen family flock group heap herd jury kind lot number public staff team Make a list of collective nouns you are part of each day. Example: I am a teacher, so I am part of the faculty and staff. Possessive nouns show ownership by adding an apostrophe and an S Bob’s shoe=the shoe that belongs to Bob When a word ends with an S, add an apostrophe BUT no S The Smiths’ new car The Tigers’ new stadium Fold a sheet of paper like a hotdog. Possessive nouns at school Possessive nouns at home Create a list of 20 nouns that fit the description Pronouns refer to a noun already mentioned earlier in the sentence or paragraph Pronouns REPLACE nouns The Noun that a pronoun replaces is called the Antecendent Bob wanted to get on the boat[NOUN] but it[PRONOUN] had already sailed. Boat is the antecedent because it is the NOUN that the pronoun replaced Write the sentences. Underline the pronoun and circle the antecedent. 1. Everyone at the party enjoyed their evening. 2. The car has a leak in its transmission. 3. The cow twitched its tail at the fly. 4. The audience clapped its hands. 5. My aunt asked me to catch her dog. Possessive pronouns show ownership Possessive nouns usually have an apostrophe, BUT: Possessive pronouns never need apostrophes. mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs Bob’s[NOUN] shoes were clean but his[POSSESIVE PRONOUN] socks were not. Write the sentences. Underline the possessive pronoun. Circle the word modified by the pronoun (this means- what is owned?) 1. Never take a nap with your pet rattlesnake. 2. Oscar couldn’t find his purple slippers. 3. My favorite poem was written over 150 years ago. 4. Their silence made us wonder what they knew. 5. Did mom remember to bring our chopsticks? The interrogative pronouns introduce questions. (Remember: Interrogative sentences end with question marks, so interrogative pronouns are part of interrogative sentences) Examples: Who, Which, What Who[INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN] told Bob to go to the store? Write fifteen sentences using interrogative pronouns. Circle the interrogative pronouns. [Topic suggestion: favorite restaurant and favorite food] demonstratives can behave either as pronouns or as determiners. Examples: this, that, these, those, such Used as determiners (these will be adjectives) This[Determiner/Adjective: Which room? This one] room is a mess! Used as Demonstrative Pronoun: My books are neatly stack, but those [DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN] are not. Write fifteen sentences using demonstrative pronouns. Circle the demonstrative pronouns. [Topic suggestion: things you see at the mall] A reflexive pronoun "reflects" a noun or pronoun by taking the place of its antecedent when the noun or pronoun is doing something to itself. In English reflexive pronouns are formed just like intensive pronouns--by adding -self or -selves to the pronoun. The only reflexive pronouns in modern English are the following: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. The words hisself and theirselves do not exist Write the sentences and underline the reflexive pronoun. 1. I found myself without enough cash to pay the bill. 2. The children invented a game for themselves to play. 3. The chess club members raised the money themselves. 4. The boys are going to get themselves clean. 5. People need to free themselves from sugary sodas. An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact. The indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone, These indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives in some cases. Write ten sentences using indefinite pronouns. Circle the indefinite pronouns. An adjective is any word that describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives can describe appearance, smell, taste, sound, texture, size, number, color, and any other detail about a noun or pronoun. Fold your paper like a hotdog then like a hamburger. Label the four squares. For (School name) Summer Spring Yourself each category, list 15 adjectives that describe the topic. A common adjective is an adjective that is not written with a capital letter. Most adjectives are common- ones that are written with a capital letter are proper adjectives . To remember this, think about common nouns. They are also not capitalized. A proper adjective is an adjective that is written with a capital letter. They often come from proper nouns: A Japanese camera- Japanese comes from the proper noun Japan. Fold your paper like a hotdog. Common Adjectives For Proper Adjectives each category, list 20 adjectives. Demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those) show whether the noun they refer to is singular or plural and whether it is located near to or far from the speaker or writer Verbs are words that show action. There are lots of different types of verbs. You can use verbs in different tenses to show when it happened- past, present, future. write 10 verbs that you can do with each body part: Head Hands Legs Feet Arms Eyes Transitive verbs are action words. To use a transitive verb correctly, you will always have a direct object in the sentence. The direct object is who or what RECIEVES the action. Sylvia kicked Juan under the table. Kicked = transitive verb; Juan = direct object. What’s the action? The kick Who receives it? Juan An intransitive verb is also an action verb. It does not have a direct object, though, which means that nobody or nothing receives the action. Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare. The intransitive verb= arrived Write the sentences. Determine if the verbs in the following sentences are transitive or intransitive. Write T for Transitive, I for Intransitive. If transitive, circle the object of the verb 1. The birdcage swung from a golden chain. 2. Margaret angrily crumpled her letter in her fist. 3. Someone answered that question. 4. He shuddered with fright during the scary part of the movie. 5. The rats chewed their way into the old house. Linking verbs do not show action. They connect the subject to other words and tell that the subject is, was, or will be. Examples: am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been, becomes, became When you have a linking verb, you will also have a predicate nominative. This is a word that renames the subject. George Washington became the first president. Subject linking verb PN Does George Washington =first president? That’s how you know it’s a predicate nominative. Write the sentences, circle the linking verb, underline the predicate nominative. (remember: the PN renames the subject) 1. I am a teacher. 2. That book is very interesting. 3. My hand felt sore after the exam. 4. Our bananas are rotten. 5. Those kids are being noisy. State-of-being verbs can be the main verb of the sentence: Sally is my best friend. Or a state-of-being verb can be used as a helping verb: She is going on a vacation. Note that the verbs: be, being, and been always NEED a helping verb: Pat has been sick all week Is, am, were, was, are, be, being, been Definition: A verb phrase is a group of related words that contains one or more helping verbs and a main verb. For example.... Jim has been working on his science project. The verb phrase is has been working. Has and been are the helping verbs, and working is the main verb The main verbs tell the action and the other verbs may be helping or linking verbs Underline every word that is part of the verb phrase. Circle the main verb. 1. Will you buy me a drink? 2. Sam is not going to the dance. 3. Al should have mowed the lawn today. 4. Theresa will be playing her clarinet at the concert tonight. 5. Rosie could have worked on that project today. Helping verbs appear with other verbs (the main verbs) and help explain the tense, or when the verb happened. Examples: am as are was were been be can has shall will do does did have should may might being would must could had Bob should have known the answer Should: helping Have: helping known: main verb Write the sentences. Circle the helping verbs. 1. She is teaching us about blood cells this week 2. Jared couldn't find his backpack. 3. Polly should win the contest 4. The museum will open tomorrow. 5. I may not attend the karate class.