Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Finite Verb Review
Document related concepts
Transcript
Finite Verb Review YAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAYYYYYY!!! PARTY!!! Just as nouns have ‘declensions’ in Latin, verbs belong to ‘conjugations.’ To conjugate a verb is to list all the possible grammatical forms of a verb. Latin verbs belong to four (and a half) conjugations. There are five pieces of grammatical information stored in a finite verb form (i.e., a ‘normal’ verb, not a verbal): • Person -- 1st, 2nd, or 3rd •Number -- Sing. or Plural •Tense -- Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect •Voice -- Active or Passive •Mood -- Indicative or Subjunctive < But we ain’t there yet! < Or there! The Present Active Tense -- Everyone’s Favourite The present tense in Latin can be translated as ‘I verb,’ ‘I am verbing,’ or ‘I do verb.’ The six forms of the verb correspond with the six possible person/number combinations. All conjugations follow the same basic pattern with different intermediate vowels. 1st: 3rd: I we you he/she/it “To be:” sum sumus you (pl.) es estis they est sunt 2nd: moneō monēmus amātis monēs monētis amant monet monent amō amāmus amās amat 4th: audiō ducō ducimus audimus ducis ducitis audis auditis ducit ducunt audit audiunt Imperfect and Future Actives The imperfect tense is a progressive past tense in Latin: ‘I was verbing, kept on verbing…’ It is formed by inserting -ba- after the present stem, as in amabam, monebam, ducebam, and audiebam (note the -ie-). amābam amābāmus eram erāmus amābās amābātis erās erātis amābat amābant erat erant The future, ‘I will/shall verb,’ is tricky. In the first and second conjugations, a -bi- is inserted after the present stem, but in the third and fourth the ‘old maid vowels’ are used instead. Watch for these! amābō amābimus ducam ducēmus amābis amābitis ducēs ducētis amābit amābunt ducet ducent erō erimus eris eritis erit erunt Perfective Actives The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are all formed off of the PERFECT stem (from the 3rd principal part), not the present stem. All verbs, even irregulars, use the same sets of endings for these tenses, although in some cases the present and perfect stems are quite dissimilar. Perfect: Pluperfect: amāvī amāvīmus amāveram amāverāmus amāvistī amāvistis amāverās amāverātis amāvit amāvērunt amāverat amāvērant Future Perfect: amāverō amāverimus amāveris amāveritis amāverit amāvērint
