A Developmental History of the Hispano-Romance Verb
... Latin is the ancestor of Spanish, Portuguese and all other Romance languages. The Romance languages are Latin as it continues to be spoken today in the diverse and far-reaching territories of the Romance-speaking world. “[T]here is an unbroken chain of speakers, each learning his or her language fro ...
... Latin is the ancestor of Spanish, Portuguese and all other Romance languages. The Romance languages are Latin as it continues to be spoken today in the diverse and far-reaching territories of the Romance-speaking world. “[T]here is an unbroken chain of speakers, each learning his or her language fro ...
From Latin to Romance - Hal-SHS
... an agent noun in -tor (quaestor → quaestūra) have not survived, unlike the action nouns derived on a verbal base (cf. section 4.1.3.). Most of the time, this type of suffixation itself disappeared. A derivative in -tūs, -tūtis has survived, e.g., virtūs ‘virtue’, but the model itself disappeared wi ...
... an agent noun in -tor (quaestor → quaestūra) have not survived, unlike the action nouns derived on a verbal base (cf. section 4.1.3.). Most of the time, this type of suffixation itself disappeared. A derivative in -tūs, -tūtis has survived, e.g., virtūs ‘virtue’, but the model itself disappeared wi ...
Mismatch Verbs: A Uni ed Account of
... In this section, we examine the behaviour of deponent verbs in each module of the grammar separately and we will state for each module whether a deponent verb resembles a regular transitive verb in active or passive voice. Let us start with the morphology. The morphology of a deponent verb is identi ...
... In this section, we examine the behaviour of deponent verbs in each module of the grammar separately and we will state for each module whether a deponent verb resembles a regular transitive verb in active or passive voice. Let us start with the morphology. The morphology of a deponent verb is identi ...
Oratio Obliqva: Accusative with Infinitive A common construction in
... . Nautam in Italia futurum fuisse dixit. He said that the sailor would have been in Italy. Note that this last example is somewhat more complicated and less common. It expresses an Unreal Condition, i.e., the sailor would have been in Italy, but he’s not for some reason or other. . . Passives of ‘s ...
... . Nautam in Italia futurum fuisse dixit. He said that the sailor would have been in Italy. Note that this last example is somewhat more complicated and less common. It expresses an Unreal Condition, i.e., the sailor would have been in Italy, but he’s not for some reason or other. . . Passives of ‘s ...
Lesson 43 Participles Used as Clauses
... (aka, “Party-ciples!!!”) • A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that is used as an adjective. The past participle in English usually ends in –ed: • e.g.: carried, beloved • With other verbs, it is irregular: • e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard. ...
... (aka, “Party-ciples!!!”) • A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that is used as an adjective. The past participle in English usually ends in –ed: • e.g.: carried, beloved • With other verbs, it is irregular: • e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard. ...
Finite Verb Review
... Just as nouns have ‘declensions’ in Latin, verbs belong to ‘conjugations.’ To conjugate a verb is to list all the possible grammatical forms of a verb. Latin verbs belong to four (and a half) conjugations. There are five pieces of grammatical information stored in a finite verb form (i.e., a ‘norma ...
... Just as nouns have ‘declensions’ in Latin, verbs belong to ‘conjugations.’ To conjugate a verb is to list all the possible grammatical forms of a verb. Latin verbs belong to four (and a half) conjugations. There are five pieces of grammatical information stored in a finite verb form (i.e., a ‘norma ...
Romance copula
A copula is a word that links the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement). In English, the copula is the verb ""to be"" (for example, the word ""is"" in the sentence ""The sky is blue."") Most languages have one main copula, but some, such as Spanish and some other Romance languages, have more than one. This is because the verb or verbs meaning ""to be"" in the Romance languages are derived from not just one but three Latin verbs: sedēre ""to sit"" (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed-, as in English sit). esse ""to be"" (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h1es-, as in English is) The verb esse was an irregular, suppletive verb, with some of its forms (e.g. fuī ""I was"") taken from the Proto-Indo-European verb *bhuH- (as in English be). stāre ""to stand"" or ""to stay"" (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh2-, as in English stand and German stehen).As the Romance languages developed over time, the three separate Latin verbs became just one or two verbs in the Romance languages.The reduction of three separate verbs into just one or two happened in the following ways:*essere, stāre and sedēre sounded similar in Latin, and sounded even more similar in Vulgar Latin, where stāre became *istāre and sedēre was reduced to *seēre. As a result, parts of the conjugations of stāre and sedēre became integrated into the conjugation of *essere.stāre remained a separate verb. Increasingly, however, in the Western Romance languages, stāre evolved into a second copula, with a meaning of ""to be (temporarily or incidentally)""; *essere was then narrowed to mean ""to be (permanently or essentially)"".The irregular infinitive esse was remodeled into *essere.The development of two copular verbs in this manner occurred most completely in Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan. In other languages, most usages of English ""to be"" are still translated by *essere:In Italian, stāre has the primary meaning ""to stay"" and is used as a copula only in a few situations: to express one's state of physical health (sto bene ""I am well""); to form progressive tenses (sto parlando ""I am speaking""); and (especially in the south of Italy) with the meaning of ""to be located"".In Old French, the verb ester < stāre still had the original Proto-Romance meaning of ""to stand, stay, stop"". In modern French, this verb has quasi totally disappeared (see below for the one exception), although the compound rester ""to remain"" still exists, and some parts of the conjugation of ester have become incorporated into être ""to be"" < *essere. As a result of this complex evolution, even though French has a single verb for ""to be"" (être), its conjugation is highly irregular.Portuguese also developed an additional copular verb ficar, with the meaning ""to be located"" and ""to become.""