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It’s Not in the Dictionary Susan Holzman ETAI 2011 5/23/2017 THE POWER OF WORDS • Our goal when teaching reading comprehension is to give our students the knowledge and skills they need. • However authentic texts contain vocabulary that has not been taught and is not yet in the dictionary. • The problem will be presented and some solutions will be offered. 5/23/2017 Vocabulary just ain’t what it used to be Some ancient fairy tales.. Once upon a time ….. Michael West produced A General Service List of English Words With Semantic Frequencies And Supplementary Word-list For The Writing Of Popular Science And Technology Longmans, 1936. 5/23/2017 2000 General Service words.. “.. considered suitable as the basis for learning English as a foreign language“ (vii) 5/23/2017 Once upon a time Our English Curriculum listed 2,500 lexemes (i.e. word families) as the “recommended minimum core for vocabulary acquisition in Israel schools” (1988 p. 15) 5/23/2017 Today… We no longer fool ourselves that vocabulary can be confined to a list or a lexicon..we have lost our innocence and come of age …. 5/23/2017 The new curriculum “Most pupils, at whatever age they start learning English in school, have already learned words and phrases of the language. Any simple listing of items to be taught will therefore be arbitrary and over-rigid.” From: The rationale http://www.education.gov.il/tochniyot_limudim/eng1.htm#2_1 5/23/2017 A recent mailing I got from Macmillan Dictionary listed “frequent buzzwords relating to the environment” • Cookprint-the environmental impact of using energy and other resources to prepare food. • E-waste- used electronic devices that have been thrown away • Eco-bling- ecological gadgets and technology which do not save or produce very much energy relative to their cost 5/23/2017 There was recycle….and then there was… • Upcycle- to reuse an object or materials to create a product of higher value or quality than the original product or materials • Downcycle- the process of taking rubbish and reducing it to a material ready for re-use (recycle) • Precycle- to buy particular products based on how recycable or environmentally-friendly they are 5/23/2017 We know that … • Carnivores are meat eaters • The proper diet for a herbivore consists of plants, algae, and fruits. Omnivores eat a variety of meat and vegetable matter. BUT 5/23/2017 What do Locavores and ecovores eat? 5/23/2017 Locavores Are people who only eats food which is grown or produced locally. 5/23/2017 Ecovores are People who eat in an environmentallyconscious way 5/23/2017 The previous buzzwords were created with prefixes or through compounding….and then you have blending Trashion Fashion items and objects which are created from, used, thrown out and recycled elements 5/23/2017 Word formation The process of creation of new lexical units 5/23/2017 First some terms • “The field of grammar is often divided into two domains: Morphology & Syntax” Morphology focuses on the structure of words Syntax focuses on the structure of sentences. 5/23/2017 Morphology • Deals with the way words can be built up from smaller units • Affixes: Prefixes and suffixes Prefixes: have a lexical role (un-, de-, anti-, super-) Suffixes: two kinds lexical (-ness, -ship, -able, -less) grammatical (plural s, past tense ed, comparative er) 5/23/2017 Compounding • The process in which two different words are joined together to denote one thing • Full-time worker, ever-lasting love (hyphenated) • A raincoat, a teaspoon, (one word) • A bank account (two words) 5/23/2017 Word formation processes • Compounding • Silverware • Pewter ware • Tupperware (Mr. Tupper) • Hardware • Software 5/23/2017 • Compounding • • • • • Waterproof Bulletproof Dustproof Childproof Tiger-proof Tiger-proof 5/23/2017 The White House or the white house? 5/23/2017 A paperboy or a paper boy? 5/23/2017 A blackbird or a black bird ? 5/23/2017 Blending • Taking only parts of words and joining them • Blogs (web log) • BAGGRAVATION, n. A feeling of annoyance and anger one endures at the airport when one’s bags have not arrived at the baggage carousel but everyone else's bags have [blend formed from words bag and aggravation]. Context and source: "Nancy couldn't help but feel baggravation as she watched other passengers get their luggage and leave the airport." (Internet) 5/23/2017 Clipping • Shortening or reducing long words • DETOX, n. A clinic or treatment facility at which substance abusers attempt to rid themselves of dependency on a particular drug. Part of this process entails the actual physical removal of toxins present in the body due to the abuse of a substance [clip of detoxification ]. Context and source: "Mrs. Herrod checked herself into detox..." (Conversation) 5/23/2017 Coinage • Creation of a totally new word (often eponyms) (and not very common) • • • • 5/23/2017 Do you have an acamol? Please xerox this document I googled it . I need a kleenex. Borrowing • Taking a word from one language and incorporating it into another • Tsunami (tidal wave) from Japanese http://www.krysstal.com/borrow.html 5/23/2017 Borrowing Last year I said this sentence during my mom’s visit here: “Remind me on the way home from the country to buy cottage.” (Of course, she had no idea what I was talking about) 5/23/2017 Borrowing and clipping “Remind me on the way home from the country to buy cottage.” Country club and cottage cheese • borrowed from English into Hebrew. • Clipped - the adjective is now used to represent the the noun 5/23/2017 Acronym • A word formed from the initial letters of a few words in a phrase or name • BFE , adj. Very far away: Beyond Fu**ing Egypt. also B.F.E., b.f.e. [Acronym. Egypt was chosen somewhat arbitrarily as a country on the opposite side of the world. Variant: Bomfoq Egypt] Context and source: "My car is parked BFE!" (Conversation) Contrast: NATO (pronounced as a word) NAACP & UN (pronounce the letters) (NATBAG & LUZ in Hebrew) 5/23/2017 Backformation • A process in which a word changes its form and function • back-form from "back-formation" — oddly enough • bushwhack from "bushwhacker" • greed from "greedy" (the noun was originally "greediness") • lase (v.) from "laser" • liaise from "liaison" • resurrect from "resurrection" • televise from "television" 5/23/2017 Conversion • A change in a function of a verb without changing it form • (nouns as verbs and verbs as nouns—and maybe an adjective as a noun?) If not, then this is my bad. 5/23/2017 Derivation • Adding affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes) • The de-pigging of Israeli kitchens • The expellees were found and deported 5/23/2017 Word formation • An exciting on-going development in language, offering opportunities for creativity and invention. 5/23/2017 Down as a verb 5/23/2017 Compound: arrest-free Suffix: -less (= without) 5/23/2017 Cruelty-free world 5/23/2017 De-conversion 5/23/2017 Medicide (suicide, genocide, infanticide, feticide, fratricide, matricide, etc.) 5/23/2017 Free Mayonnaise & Salad dressing (that cost $3.05 & $1.43?) (compounding and clipping) 5/23/2017 Compound adjectives 5/23/2017 Compound adjectives 5/23/2017 Compound adjectives 5/23/2017 Diet free (now what does that mean?) 5/23/2017 Our text books today do not prepare them for this. The texts are: • • • • • • • 5/23/2017 Not authentic Adapted Simplified Cleaned up Purified Sanitized Dummied down Have a lesson ready for that dreaded day when you have to fill in for another teacher at the last moment 5/23/2017 Teach English acronyms used in texting (and since when was there a verb “to text???) as an opener (google them—I don’t know them either!) 5/23/2017 Take the newspaper any day and you will find current examples: 5/23/2017 5/23/2017 5/23/2017 Check sites in the internet • http://www.learn-englishtoday.com/New-words/new-wordsin-english.html • http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12 /19/weekinreview/19sifton.html • http://bloodredpencil.blogspot.co m/2010/11/2010s-newwords.html 5/23/2017 The opportunities are endless Writing task: Write an ad for a neighborhood Staycation – (a money-saving holiday at home ) Suggesting all the activities and cultural possibilities in your area. 5/23/2017 Role play the conversation between two teenagers, one of whom has just been defriended (or unfriended) on facebook. ‘Unfriend’ coming from the practice of dropping a contact from a Facebook site. Although voted the word of the year by the New Oxford American Dictionary, the UK uses the alternative ‘Defriend’. 5/23/2017 Do not downcycle authentic texts! 5/23/2017 UPCYCLE THEM 5/23/2017 Thanks ! Susan Holzman [email protected] 5/23/2017