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Key Terms: polytheism, city-state, acropolis. Key Ideas: Greek mythology that entertains and expresses the values of the Greeks. Identify: Homer, Heinrich Schliemann. Identify the characteristics and the rise/fall of the following Early Greek civilizations: the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. Understand the main characters and events of the Trojan War. •The Greeks were polytheistic, meaning they worshipped many gods. •Stories or myths about their gods expressed Greek values. Statue of the goddess Athena, image – Wikipedia Commons. • Many Greek myths pointed to real cities, people, and events. “Oedipus and the Sphinx” Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. 1808. • They also explained natural phenomenon , human nature and how people were to behave. • Greek Myths demonstrated their cultural values: • Strength, courage. Jacob Jordaens. Ulysses in the Cave of Polyphemus. 1630s • Hospitality • Beauty •Mt. Olympus was the home of the gods. •They had human characteristics: jealousy, anger, love, courage, infidelity, etc. •Chief of all of the gods on Mount Olympus. •The “thunderbolt” god. •The jealous wife of Zeus. •Queen of Heaven and Marriage. Patron goddess of Athens, and wisdom. •Goddess of beauty and love. •Her son is Cupid. •His arrows make people fall in love. •God of War •Lover of Venus. •Patron god of Sparta. •The god of the sea. •He supports the Greeks in the Trojan War. God of the sun, poetry and music. His sister, Artemis/Diana is the goddess of the moon. •Theseus was the great hero of the Athenians. •He is best known for his battle with the Minotaur. •Theseus in the labyrinth with the Minotaur. •The 1st Greek civilization was settled on the island of Crete. Map of Greece courtesy of Microsoft Office. •The 2nd was established on the mainland of the Greek Peloponnesus. •According to legend, the island of Crete was founded by the legendary King Minos. •Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. •Frescoes like this one show the popular sport of bull-dancing or leaping. •Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. (Fresco from the palace at Knossos). Minoan bull and Europa •The Minoans were the 1st Greek civilization. •They settled on the island of Crete. •This was a very wealthy civilization based on trade. Minoan man - fresco •The Minoans lived in peace and prosperity. •Most scientists believe that a series of earthquakes destroyed the civilization. Minoan Women frescoes •Around 2,000 B.C. – a group of warrior kings called the Myceneans took over the Peloponnesus. The golden mask of Agamemnon. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. •This was the 2nd Greek civilization. The Lion Gate of the Myceneans. Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. •This is the earliest known example of Greek monumental sculpture. •The Myceneans fortified their cities with walls that were 20’ thick. This was the outer wall of their kingdom. •The Greeks built their city-states on top of a hill, so that they could be fortified against enemy attacks. •This was called an acropolis, or “city on a hill.” •Homer - poet •Wrote the Iliad about the Trojan War. •Wrote the Odyssey about the journey home. “To the fairest of all women…” Hera, Venus, and Athena •Paris was asked to decide which gift was the best. •1st, Hera offered power. Painting, “The Judgment of Paris.” Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. •2nd, Athena offered victory in battle, and the wisdom to rule. •3rd, Venus offered him the most beautiful woman in the world. •Helen was the wife of the King of Sparta, Menelaus. •She fled to Troy with her lover, Paris, starting the Trojan War. •It was said that she was the “face that launched a thousand ships.” •Agamemnon led the Greeks on behalf of his brother, Menelaus, in the Trojan War. •The Greeks crossed the Aegean Sea to attack the walled city of Troy. Map of Homer’s Greece courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. •The Trojans were great horsemen and archers. •The top warrior for the Greeks, was Achilles. •All Greek heroes like Odysseus and Ajax took Painting, “The Rage of Achilles,” part in the war. image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. In the painting above, Hector reproaches his brother Paris and tells him that the Greeks are on the beaches of Troy. •Priam was the king of Troy, but his son, Hector was the hero and leader of the Trojans during the war. •After Hector killed Achilles’ cousin, Achilles killed Hector. Alexander Ivanov. Priam Asking Achilles to Return Hector's Body. 1824 •Achilles would die the next day at the hands of Paris. •After a 10 year stalemate with Troy, Odysseus came up with a daring plan… •Hide the Greek army in a wooden horse, and leave it as a gift for the Trojans. Map of Homer’s Greece courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. •The Greeks won, and they gained control of the Aegean Sea trade routes. They also gained new Greek city-states in Persia. •So, did the Trojan War actually occur, or was it just a great story told by Homer? “Homer and his guide” image – Wikipedia Commons. •Archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann believed that a real war took place between the Greeks and the Trojans. •Discovered the lost city of Troy from his accounts of Homer’s Iliad. Photo of Heinrich Schlieman courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. A modern model and replica of ancient Troy. •These are stories about the heroic actions of mortals. Jason and the Argonauts •Greek values are expressed in these stories. What we know for certain: • 1st Greek civilization were the Minoans who settled on Crete. • 2nd – a war-like group of Mycenean kings settled in Greece, and warred with the city, Troy.