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The Human Genome Project
Ashley Osborne
Quesha McClanahan
Orchi Haghighi
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome
Project (HGP) is a genetic
project designed to help us
push through the field of
genetics to more
understand the how our
bodies function genetically
HGP Continued..
• The medical industry is building on the knowledge,
resources, and technologies coming from the HGP to
further understanding of genetic help to human health.
• As a result of this
expansion of genomics
into human health use,
the field of genomic
medicine was born
• Genetics is playing an
increasingly important
role in the diagnosis,
monitoring, and
treatment of diseases.
HapMap
• a catalog of common genetic variation,
or haplotypes, in the human genome.
• Haplotypes are a combination of alleles
(for different genes) that are located
closely together on the same
chromosome and that
tend to be inherited
HapMap Cont..
• data have accelerated the
search for genes involved in
common human diseases,
and have already yielded
impressive results in finding
genetic factors involved in
conditions ranging from agerelated blindness to obesity.
• In 2005 the development of
the HapMap was one major
step towards such
comprehensive
understanding of the human
genome
History
• Begun in 1990, the U.S.
Human Genome Project
was a 13-year effort
coordinated by the U.S.
Department of Energy
and the National
Institutes of Health.
• The project originally was
planned to last 15 years,
but rapid technological
advances accelerated the
completion date to 2003
Goals
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identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA
determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA
store this information in databases
improve tools for data analysis
transfer related technologies to the
private sector
• address the ethical, legal, and social
issues (ELSI) that may arise from the
project
Concerns
• Rush to Patent Human
Genes
– the National Institutes of
Health, has made all its
information freely
available and intends to
patent nothing.
– However, there are
several patent requests
pending on human
genes from the time
before the HGP was
completed.
• Availabilty
– Employers using genetic
information to
discriminate over whom
they will hire or when
current employees will
be laid off or forced into
retirement
– 80-90% Americans
believe their genetic
information should be
private & obtained or
accessed only with their
permission
Medical Benefits
• There are many benefits
with the Human Genome
Project
• Disease Intervention
exploration into the function
of each human gene will shed light on how faulty
genes play a role in disease causation. With this
knowledge we can start developing medicines to help
prevent the defect.
Diagnosing and Predicting Disease and Disease
Susceptibility
• the successes of the HGP have even enabled
researchers to pinpoint errors in genes the
smallest units of heredity
that cause or contribute to
disease.
• The ultimate goal is to use
this information to develop
new ways to treat, cure, or
even prevent the thousands
of diseases that afflict
humankind
Ethical & Legal
Issues
• There are a lot of issues that come
up when talking about the Human
Genome Project and when figuring
ways how to use it.
• Many people of our society are
concerned about how this will
affect people around us and if it
could cause a new idea for gene
racism
• Also there could be fighting over
the use of a particular part of a
gene and how it can or cannot be
used.
• Who should have access to personal genetic
information, and how will it be used?
• How do we prepare the public to make
informed choices?
• Where is the line between medical treatment
and enhancement?
• How does personal genetic information
affect an individual and
society's perceptions of
that individual?
Then
• Just a half-century ago very little was known
about the genetic factors that contribute to
human disease.
• The Human Genome project spurred a
revolution in biotechnology innovation
around the world and
played a key role in
making the U.S. the
global leader in the
new biotechnology
sector.
Now
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The Human Genome Project has already fueled the
discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes.
As a result of the Human Genome Project, today’s
researchers can find a gene suspected of causing an
inherited disease in a matter of days, rather than the
years it took before the genome sequence was in hand.
There are now more than 1,000 genetic tests for human
conditions. These tests enable patients to learn their genetic risks for disease
and also help healthcare professionals diagnose disease.
At least 350 biotechnology-based products resulting from the Human Genome
Project are currently in clinical trials.
Having the complete sequence of the human genome is similar to having all the
pages of a manual needed to make the human body. The challenge now is to
determine how to read the contents of these pages and understand how all of
these many, complex parts work together in human health and disease.
The increasing ability to connect DNA variation with non-medical conditions,
such as intelligence and personality traits, will challenge society, making the
role of ethical, legal and social implications research more important than ever.
Other Sequenced Organisms
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2004- Rattus norvegicus, the Brown Norway rat
2002- Mus musculus, the mouse, and Fugu rubripes, the Japanese pufferfish
2000- Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly
1998- Caenorhabditis elegans, a form of roundworm
1998- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
1997- Escherischia coli, a bacterium found in our colons and used in much
research
1996- Methanococcus jannaschii, an organism that falls into a previously
unknown category of living organisms called archaea, which is distinct
from prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (plants, animals, and humans)
1995- Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a form of yeast
1995- Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium that causes respiratory illness in
humans (but is not to be confused with influenza viruses, which cause
actual influenza, or flu)