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The High Middle Ages
1050-1450
Chapter 9
Growth of Royal Power in
England & France
Section 1
Section 1
Even though, the kings of Europe were at
the top of Europe’s society, the nobles and
the Church had the power: they had their
own courts, collected their own taxes, and
fielded their own armies.
Kings used different methods to centralize
power, including strengthened ties with
the middle class. This way the
townspeople supported the king, who
imposed peace and unity needed for
trade.
Section 1
When Edward the Confessor died without
a heir, three men claimed they were the
king, so they went to war. After the Battle
of Hastings in 1066, William the
Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy,
became king with the backing of the pope.
The date of 1066 is important in English
history. William’s victory meant that the
Normans, rather than the Anglo-Saxons,
would rule England, which influenced the
English language, culture and traditions.
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10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King
Harold of England at the battle of Hastings
William was then crowned King of England
Norman knights received land as a fief and
swore allegiance to the king
Marriage of French & Anglo-Saxons led to a
new English culture
Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions =
office of sheriff, census called Domesday Book
William further developed taxation & royal
courts
William I, the Conqueror
Brought Norman
Feudalism To England
Section 1
In 1085, in order to ascertain the extent of
his new dominions and to improve taxation,
William commissioned all his counselors for
the compilation of the Domesday Book.
The book was a survey of England's
productive capacity similar to a modern
census. The book listed every castle, field,
and pigpen in England. The book help
Williams and future England Kings to
develop an efficient system of tax collecting
Section 1
William’s successors continued to increase royal
authority. In the area of finance, they created
exchequer, or treasury, to collect taxes. It
included fees, fines, and other dues.
In his deathbed, William divided his succession
for his sons: the conflictive elder son Robert
received the Normandy's dukedom, as Robert
III. William Rufus (third son) was next king, as
William II. The youngest son Henry received
5,000 pounds, which would be used to buy
land. He then became King Henry I of England
after William II died without a successor.
Section 1
Henry I died in 1135 of food poisoning. He is
famed for holding the record for the largest
number of acknowledged illegitimate children
born to any English king, with the number
being around 20 or 25.
The succession for the throne was problematic.
His only legitimate son was killed. One of his
daughters, Matilda, was to take the throne as
Queen, however, she got married with an
enemy of the Normans, so his nephew was to
claim the throne. At the end, her son, Henry II,
was proclaimed the King of England in 1154.
Henry II
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Henry II enlarged English monarchy
Expanded the power of the royal courts &
king’s power/increased # of criminal cases tried
on the king’s court
Common law (was a legal system based on
customs and court rulings) replaced law codes
across the kingdom
Tried to control Church but failed
Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said
only Roman Catholic Church could try clergy
Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was
outraged & backed down
Section 1
Jury (a group of men sworn to speak the truth)
trials were initiated to end the old Germanic
trials by ordeal or battle. The early juries
determined which cases should go to trial and
were the ancestors of today’s grand jury.
The process of strengthening the royal courts,
however, yielded an unexpected controversy.
The church courts instituted by William the
Conqueror became a safe haven for criminals of
varying degree and ability. Henry wished to
transfer sentencing clergy cases to the royal
courts, as church courts merely demoted people
but didn’t give them punishments for crimes
Section 1
Thomas Beckett, Henry's close friend, was named
Archbishop of Canterbury in June 1162 but
distanced himself from Henry and vehemently
opposed the weakening of church courts. Beckett
fled England in 1164, but through the intervention
of Pope Adrian IV (the lone English pope), returned
in 1170. Exasperated, Henry publicly conveyed his
desire to get rid of the Archbishop - four ambitious
knights took the king at his word and murdered
Beckett in his own cathedral on December 29,
1170. Henry endured a rather limited storm of
protest over the incident and the controversy
passed. After this, Henry stopped his attempts to
regulate the clergy. Becket was honored as a
martyr and declared a saint.
Section 1
Many English monarchs clashed with nobles and
the Church. Most of the battles started because
the kings wanted to increase taxes or impose
more royal authority.
Henry’s younger son, John reigned from 1199 till
his death in 1216. Apart from entering popular
legend as the enemy of Robin Hood, he is also
known for when he gave in to the nobility and
signed Magna Carta, or great charter, a
document limiting his power which is popularly
thought as an early first step in the evolution of
modern democracy.
Magna Carta
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English nobles resented the growth of the
king’s power/ rebellion was raised against King
John
1215, King John was forced to put his seal on
the Magna Carta = feudal document, written
recognition that the power of the king was
limited
13th century, under Edward I = English
parliament emerged
Parliament = 2 knights from every county, 2
people from every town, and all the bishops &
nobles throughout England
John Was
Forced
To Sign the
Magna
Carta in 1215
Section 1
John also faced problems with the Church
with he wanted to appoint the archbishop
of Canterbury, instead of the one pope
Innocent III had selected. The pope
excommunicated John and placed England
under the interdict. To save himself and
his crown, John had to accept England as
a fief of the papacy and even had to pay a
yearly fee to Rome.
John’s youngest son, Henry III, became the
next king and then his grandson, Edward I
Section 1
Edward I reigned from 1272 till 1307. He was
known as Edward the lawgiver because of
his legal reforms. It was during his time that
Parliament began to meet regularly. And
though still extremely limited to matters of
taxation, it enabled Edward I to obtain a
number of taxation grants which had been
impossible for Henry III. This helped create
the Model Parliament with representatives
of the “common people,” lords, and clergy,
which set up the framework for England’s
legislature.
English Parliament
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Eventually 2 houses were formed
Nobles & church lords formed = House of the
Lords
Knights & townspeoples = House of Commons
Parliaments granted taxes & passed laws
Edward I Called a Parliament
Of Lords and Commons
Section 1
Unlike the kings of England, monarchs in
France did not rule over a unified kingdom.
The successors of Charlemagne didn’t have
enough power over the different territories
that made up France.
In 987, the feudal nobles of France elected
Hugh Capet, the count of Paris, to be the
new king. His lands were smaller than those
of many of his vassals; however, he and his
heirs slowly increased royal power: they
made the throne hereditary, and won
support from the Church.
French Kingdom
Kingdom of France was 1/3 of the former
Carolingian empire
 Hugh Capet was chosen to be king by
west Frankish nobles establishing the
Capetian dynasty
 Capetians had little power & only
controlled the land around Paris/ Dukes
had more power than kings
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Phillip II of Augustus = was the turning
point in the French monarchy. Phillip
waged war against England & increased
his royal land holdings by taking over
lands in Normandy (north) and southern
France: Maine, Anjou, & Aquitaine, where
the pope said heresy had sprung up.
He strengthened royal government: he used
paid middle-class officials to fill
government positions, granted charters to
many new towns, and introduced a new
national tax. By 1223, Philip had become
the most powerful ruler in Europe.
Section 1
In 1226, Louis IX had become the king of
France. He was generous, noble, and
devoted to justice and chivalry. He was
declared a saint less than 30 years after
his death. Saint Louis was a very
religious man: he persecuted Jews and
heretics, and led French knights in two
wars against Muslims. He expanded the
royal courts, outlawed private wars, and
ended serfdom in his lands. By the time of
his death in 1270, France was an efficient
centralized monarchy.
Section 1
Louis’ grandson, Philip IV, ruthlessly
extended royal power. To raise money, he
tried to collect taxes from the clergy, but
pope Boniface VIII opposed.
The pope forbade him from doing so by
saying “God had set popes over kings and
kingdoms.” Philip threatened to arrest any
clergy who did not pay up. Philip sent
troops to seize the pope, who escaped but
died soon after. The next pope was a
Frenchmen who move the papal court to
France (Avignon)
Philip IV Called the EstatesGeneral to Raise Taxes
Section 1
During the struggles with the pope, Philip
gather French support by creating
Estates General in 1302. This group
had representatives from all three social
classes: clergy, nobles, and
townspeople. It was almost like a
parliament, but it never had the same
role as the English Parliament did, as it
didn’t served as a balance of royal
power.
The Holy Roman Empire
and the Church
Section 2
Section 2
After Charlemagne’s death, his empire
dissolved into a number of separate
states. The dukes of Saxony extended
their power over German lands. In 936,
Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title of
King of Germany. He worked closely with
the Church and took an army into Italy to
help the pope defeat rebellious Roman
nobles. Otto was crowned emperor and
his successors took the title of Holy
Roman Emperor
Section 2
German emperor claimed authority over
much of central and eastern Europe as well
as parts of France and Italy. The rulers of
the lands were the emperor’s vassals,
which created a conflict to control.
Another problem for the emperors was a
conflict with the popes over the
appointment of Church officials, because
the emperors were in charge of deciding
who would become bishops and abbots
within their realm.
Section 2
Under the pope Gregory VII, the conflict
between emperors and the Church got
worse. He banned the practice of lay
investiture, meaning that the emperor or any
other person who didn’t belong to the clergy
did not had the right to appoint and install
bishops in office, only the pope could do so.
Holy Roman emperor Henry IV didn’t agree
with the ban and the two men exchanged
insulting notes. The pope excommunicated
Henry in 1706.
Section 2
Henry was forced to make peace with the pope, who
knew that he was doing so to keep his throne and
please his people, but as a priest, he had to
forgive a “confessed sinner.” In later years, Henry
took revenge by forcing the pope into exile when
he led an army to Rome.
The conflict about who was to named and invest the
bishops dragged for almost 50 years. In 1122,
both sides accepted a treaty known as the
Concordat of Worms, which stated that the
Church had the sole power to elect and invest
bishops with spiritual authority.
Section 2
During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious
German emperors tried to master Italy, so
conflict with popes and with the wealthy
towns of northern Italy started. The
emperor Frederick I, called Barbarossa,
dreamed of building an empire from the
Baltic to the Adriatic. He arranged the
marriage of his son Henry with the heiress
of Sicily and southern Italy, Constance.
That way German emperors had more
power over Italian affairs.
Section 2
The grandson of Frederick I, Frederick II was
the new king. He spent little time in Germany,
instead he pursuit his ambitions in Italy.
German nobles grew more independent and
Germany weakened by his inattention.
Germany didn’t achieve unity for another 600
years.
Pope Innocent III, who took office in 1198,
tried to restore the prestige of the Holy See in
Italy, where it had been overshadowed by the
power of the emperor Henry VI. Innocent
clashed will all the powerful rulers of his day
and in most cases came out ahead.
Section 2
He excommunicated King John of England,
Philip II of France when he tried to
unlawfully invalidate his marriage (annul),
and even the Holy Roman emperor
Frederick II felt the anger of the pope.
In 1209, Innocent launched a brutal
crusade, or holy war, against the
Albigensians in southern France and
northern Spain. The Albigensians wanted
to go back to the early Christian Church.
Tens of thousands of people were killed in
the Albigensian Crusade.
Europeans Look Outward
Section 3
Section 3
During Europe’s Middle Ages, Islam had
given rise to a brilliant new civilization that
stretched from Spain to India. Muslim
traders and scholars spread goods and
ideas and technologies even further.
India was politically divided. Hinduism and
Buddhism flourished, and wealthy princes
built stunning temples and palaces.
In West Africa, the Soninke people were
building the great trading empire of
Ghana.
Section 3
China had a strong central government. Under
the Tang and Song dynasties, China’s culture
flourished and influenced neighboring peoples.
The Chinese made amazing advances,
inventing paper, printing, and gunpowder.
In the Americas, Mayas had cleared rain forests
and built cities dominated by temples. In Peru,
Native Americans were building empires and
creating great works of art. These civilization
remained outside the contacts that were taking
among Africans, Europeans, and Asians
Section 3
The Crusades were a series of military
campaigns against the Muslims of the Middle
East. In 1076, the Muslims had captured
Jerusalem - the most holy of holy places for
Christians. However, Jerusalem was also
extremely important for the Muslims as
Muhammad, the founder of the Muslim faith,
had been there and there was great joy in
the Muslim world when Jerusalem was
captured.
The motive of the Crusades were to free the
Holy Land from the control of non Christians.
Crusades
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11th & 13th centuries, European Christians
carried out a series of military expeditions to
take back the holy land from the Muslims
Seljuk Turks won the battle of Manzikert &
threatened Constantinople
Crusades began when Pope Urban II responded
to the request of Alexius I to liberate Jerusalem
& Palestine
Urban II called for crusades @ infidels
Infidels were the non believers = Muslims,
Jews
Alexius I Asked
For Help and
Urban II Called
For the
First Crusade
Section 3
The First Crusade was an attempt to re-capture
Jerusalem. After the capture of Jerusalem by the
Muslims in 1076, any Christian who wanted to pay
a pilgrimage to the city faced a very hard time.
Muslim soldiers made life very difficult for the
Christians and trying to get to Jerusalem was filled
with danger for a Christian. This greatly angered
all Christians.
Byzantine emperor Alexius I - feared that his country
might also fall to the Muslims as it was very close
to the territory captured by the Muslims. Alexius
called on the pope - Urban II - to give him help.
Section 3
In 1095, Urban spoke to a great crown at the
Council of Clermont in France. He called
for a war against the Muslims so that
Jerusalem was regained for the Christian
faith.
Those who volunteered to go to fight the
Muslims cut out red crosses and sewed them
on their tunics. The French word "croix"
means cross and the word changed to
"croisades" or crusades. The fight against
the Muslims became a Holy War.
Section 3
The Crusaders cut down anybody they could and
the streets of Jerusalem were ankle deep in
blood. The rest of the Crusaders got into the
city when the gates were opened. The
slaughter continued and the Crusaders "killed
whoever they wished". Those Muslims who had
their lives spared, had to go round and collect
the bodies before dumping them outside of the
city because they stank so much. The Muslims
claimed afterwards that 70,000 people were
killed and that the Crusaders took whatever
treasure they could from the Dome of the Rock.
First Crusades
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Mostly French knights = captured Antioch in
1098 & Jerusalem in 1099
Massacred Muslim & Jewish inhabitants
4 Latin Crusader states were established that
lasted 100 years
1120’s, Muslims began to strike back which led
to another Crusade
2nd Crusade
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The fall of a Latin Kingdom led to the call of
another crusade
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux called for the
crusade & got the support of King Louis VII of
France & Conrad III of Germany
2nd Crusade was a total failure
1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin
3 important rulers then agreed to begin a third
Crusade
Louis VII and Conrad III Respond
To Bernard of Clairvaux’s Call
For a Second Crusade
Saladin’s Capture of Jerusalem
Sparked the Third Crusade
Section 3
By 1187, Jerusalem had fallen on the Muslim
leader known as Saladin. On the Third Crusade,
Europeans failed to retake Jerusalem, but after
negotiations, Saladin reopened the holy city to
the pilgrims.
3rd Crusade
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Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I
(Richard the Lionhearted) of England, Phillip II
of Augustus of France
Members of the 3rd arrived in the East by 1189
& encountered problems
Barbarossa drowned while swimming in a river
English & French had success with their naval
fleets against coastal cities, but failed as they
moved inland
Richard I negotiated a settlement with Saladin
to allow Christian pilgrims free access to
Philip II, Frederick I
And Richard I Responded
4th Crusade
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6 years after the death of Saladin in 1193, Pope
Innocent III initiated the 4th crusade
On their way to the East became involved a
conflict with the Byzantine Empire over the
succession to the Byzantine throne
Crusaders diverted to Constantinople & sacked
the city in 1204/ Byzantine empire was
reestablished in 1261 but was never as
powerful
Ottoman Turks eventually conquered Byzantine
190 years later
Section 3
Though the Crusades failed to conquer the Holy
Land, they did have significant effects of life in
Europe. The Crusades increased trade:
crusaders introduced fabrics, spices, and
perfumes from the Middle East. The Crusades
further encouraged growth of a money
economy: rents were pay in money instead of
labor, which helped undermine serfdom.
The Crusades also brought papal power to its
greatest height, but didn’t last long as the
popes engaged in bitter battles with monarchs.
Results of the Crusades
Increased wealth of Italian citystates like Genoa and Venice.
Began Jewish persecution and
genocide.
Started the breakdown of feudalism
and an increase in the power of
kings.
Improved technology such as better
ships and maps, and skills in siege
techniques and weapons.
Crusading Kitty
Section 3
Contacts with the Muslim world led Christians to
realize that there were other civilizations.
In 1271, a young Venetian trader and explorer,
Marco Polo, set out to Asia with his father and
uncle. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years.
He reached further than any of his
predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. The
Polos stayed in the Chinese king's court for 17
years, acquiring great wealth in jewels and gold
Section 3
In Spain, the crusading spirit expanded. Muslims
had settled in Spanish territories since the 700s.
A few kingdoms survived in the north, but they
tried to expand their territory and take over
Muslim lands. The campaign to drive the Muslims
from Spain became known as the
RECONQUISTA, or “reconquest.” The campaign
had started back in the 700s, but it wasn’t till
1300 that Christians controlled the entire Iberian
peninsula except for Granada, which fell in 1492
after Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
united the kingdoms and were strong enough to
push the Muslims out.
Section 3
The kings of Spain were determined to bring
religious and political unity to Spain. They united
forces with townspeople against powerful nobles.
Under Muslim rule, Spain had enjoyed a period of
religious toleration, where everyone was allowed
to worship whoever they wanted. Isabella ended
that policy of toleration with the help of the
Inquisition, a court set up to try people accused
of heresy. She launched a brutal crusade against
Jews and Muslims, even those who refused to
convert to Christianity were burned at the stake.
The queen achieved unity, but many scholars fled
Learning, Literature, and
the Arts
Section 4
Section 4
By the 1100s, Europeans were no longer
preoccupied with surviving: there were
many improvements that affected daily life
in a good way.
During the High Middle Ages, the need for
education expanded because the political
and economic conditions improved. He
Church wanted better-educated clergy and
royal rulers needed literate men for their
growing bureaucracy.
Section 4
By this time, schools had sprung up around
the great cathedrals to train the clergy.
Some of these schools developed into
universities. Students traveled from one
school to another to learn different things:
law in Bologna, medicine in Montpellier,
and religion in Paris.
Student life started at 5 a.m. for prayer, the
classes till 10 a.m. and afternoon classes
till 5 p.m. Students were expected to
memorize what they heard
Section 4
Women were not allowed to attend the
universities, which deprived them of the
mental stimulation that was an important
part of university life.
One exception was an Italian born woman
named Christine de Pizan, who earned a
living as a writer. She examined the
achievements of women in The City of
Ladies.
Men felt women should pursue natural gifts
at home, raising children, managing the
household, and doing needlework.
Section 4
Muslims and Jews had translated the works
of the Greeks. Aristotle taught that people
should use reason to discover basic truths,
but Christians accepted many things on
faith. Christian scholars tried to resolve the
conflict between faith and reason through
scholasticism. Thinkers used logic to
resolve the conflict.
Thomas Aquinas brought together Christian
faith and classical Greek philosophy by
explaining that God ruled over an orderly
universe
Section 4
In mathematics, Europeans adopted
Hindu-Arabic numerals, which were
less cumbersome that the Roman
numerals they had been using. Arabic
numerals allowed both scientists and
mathematicians to make extraordinary
advances in their fields.
Section 4
Latin was the language of scholars and
churchmen, but new writings began to
appear in the vernacular, or everyday
languages of ordinary people such as
French, German, and Italian.
Medieval literature included epics (long
narrative poems) about feudal warriors and
tales of the common people.
The most popular French heroic epic was the
Song of Roland about Charlemagne’s
knights who died while battling Muslims in
Spain
Section 4
Spain’s great epic, Poem of the Cid, also
involves conflict with Islam.
The Italian poet Dante Alighieri wrote the
Divine Comedy, about an imaginary journey
into hell and purgatory, where souls await
forgiveness. At the end, Dante describes a
vision of heaven.
The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
follows a band of English pilgrims traveling
to Thomas Becket’s tomb. He sketches a
series of characters that add to the picture
of medieval life.
Section 4
The greatest achievement in architecture was
the towering stone cathedrals that served
as symbols of people’s wealth and religious
devotion.
The roof of Romanesque church was a barrel
vault, a long tunnel of stone that covered
the main part of the structure. The interior
was dark and gloomy.
About 1140, Abbot Suger wanted to build a
new abbey that would shine with wonderful
and uninterrupted. Builders developed a
style of architecture known as Gothic.
Section 4
A key feature of the style was the flying
buttresses, or stone supports that stood outside
the church.
As churches rose, stonemasons carved sculptures
to decorate them inside and out. The sculptors
portrayed scenes from the Bible and other
religious themes, as well as frightening images
of mythical creatures such as dragons, griffins,
and unicorns.
Besides their great beauty, cathedrals served to
educate the illiterate masses by depicting
biblical scenes in their sculpture and stained
Section 4
In the 1300s and 1400s, the
Gothic style was applied to
paintings and illumination
(the artistic decoration of
books). Characteristics of
the new style included
bold, brilliant colors and
decorative detail. Artists
decorated prayer books
with depictions of castles
and towns, knights and
ladies in gardens.
A Time of Crisis
Section 5
Section 5
In October 1347, a fleet of Genovese trading
ships fleeing Caffa reached the port of
Messina in Sicily. By the time the fleet reached
Messina, all the crew members were either
infected or dead. It is presumed that the ships
also carried infected rats and/or fleas. Some
ships were found grounded on shorelines,
with no one aboard remaining alive.
The sickness was bubonic plague spread by
fleas on rats. The epidemic started in Italy,
ravaged the rest of Europe. 1 in 3 people died
The Black Plague
or
The Bubonic Plague
or
The Black Death
Origins
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Starts in China in the 1330s
China busy with trade
Spreads West to Europe
Travels by merchant ships
Arrives in Europe in the late 1340’s
Causes
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Conditions were filthy
People rarely/never bathed
Fleas
Overcrowded cities
No sewage system
No trash waste systems
Rat populations
Poor medical practice
Effects
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Tore society apart
Changed view of reality
Stopped feudalism
Lowered population
Created superstitions
Affected art, science, law, medicine, philosophy, religion, culture
Impact
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Doctors and Church officials affected
No cure at the time
People blamed:
Foreigners
Jews
God
Lepers or other people
with skin problems
Cures and Treatments
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Bloodletting
Sitting in a ring of Fire
Quarantine
Flower petals in the pockets
Loud noises
“Abracadabra”
Section 5
In Europe, the plague brought terror and
bewilderment as people had no way to stop
the disease. Some turned to magic and
witchcraft for cures. Still others blamed the
Jews for the plague and killed them.
Normal life broke down.
As the plague kept recurring, the European
economy sank down. As workers and
employees died, the production declined
and caused inflation (rising prices). The
plague had spread both death and social
decline.
Section 5
The Church was unable to provide the
strong leadership needed in this desperate
time. It was weakened by the plague
because it was unable to explain why it
had happened. Popular preachers, such
John Wycliffe, challenged its power and
teachings.
In 1309, Pope Clement V had moved the
papal court to Avignon, where it remained
for 70 years. This period is called the
Babylonian Captivity of the Church.
Section 5
In 1378, reformers tried to end the “captivity”
and elected their own pope to rule from
Rome. The French elected a rival pope. This
created a split in the Church where there
were two and even three popes at the time. It
wasn’t till 1417 that a Church council ended
the crisis.
Another preacher, Jan Hus from Bohemia
carried Wycliffe’s ideas. The Church
persecuted Wycliffe, his followers and the
Hussites. Hus was tried and found guilty. He
was burned at the stake in 1415.
Section 5
Between 1337 and 1453, England and
France fought a series of conflicts, known
as the Hundred Years’ War.
It was fought primarily over claims by the
English Kings to the French Throne and was
punctuated by several brief and two lengthy
periods of peace before it finally ended in
the expulsion of the English from France.
English had a few victories in 1316 and in
1415. Much of their success was due to the
longbow used by English archers.
Section 5
In 1429, a 17-year old peasant woman, Joan
of Arc, appeared at the court of Charles
VII. She told him that God had sent her to
save France. She persuaded him to let her
lead his army against the English.
She inspired the troops and led the French to
several victories.
She was taking captive by allies of the
English and turned over to her enemies for
trial. She was convicted for witchcraft and
burned at the stake.
Section 5
The execution of Joan made the French upset
and attacked the English with a new
powerful weapon, the cannon. In 1453, the
English held only the port of Calais in
northwestern France.
The war created a growing sense of national
feeling in France and allowed French kings
to expand their power.
The longbow and the cannon gave common
soldiers a new importance on the battlefield
and undermined the value of armored
knights.