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Growth of Royal Power in England and France By: Alex Bright Monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society, but they had limited power and relied on vassals for military support. Both nobles and the Church: -had their own courts, -collected their own taxes -and fielded their own armies Monarchs uses various methods to obtain power. They: -expanded the royal domain -set up a system of royal justice that undermined feudal or Church courts -organized a government bureaucracy -developed a system of taxes -and built a standing army Monarchs strengthened ties with the middle class. In return, they supported the royal rulers, who who could impose the peace and unity that were needed for trade. Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and eventually settled in England. Even though feudalism developed, the rulers still managed to keep their kingdoms united. In 1066, King Edward died without an heir to claim the throne. A council of nobles decided to choose Edward’s brother-in-law Harold to take the throne. At the same time, Duke William of Normandy claimed the throne. ____________________________________________________________________ Norman Conquest Duke William raised an army and also won the backing of the pope. On December 25,1066, “William the Conqueror”, became ruler of England. Over the next 300 years, a blending of Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions gradually developed. To learn about his kingdom, he had a census taken in 1086. The result of this was the Domesday Book. It listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England. William’s successors continued to Increase royal authority. In 1154, King Henry II inherited the throne. As a ruler he couldn’t write new laws, but had to follow accepted customs. He sent out traveling justices to enforce royal laws. Henry’s efforts to extend royal power led to a dispute with Church. Henry claimed he had the right to try the clergy in court A once close friend of Henry, Thomas Becket, opposed his moves. The conflict between them continued for years. King John Henry’s son John was an untrustworthy ruler. He faced three powerful enemies (King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his own English nobles). John soon battles with Innocent III over who should be the new arch bishop of Canterbury. Magna Charter-King John was forced to sign the Magna Charter in 1215. Its idea influenced the systems of government that many countries still use today. Parliament To keep the Magna Charter, English rulers called on the Great Council for advice. They eventually formed into Parliament. • • • • The Capetians were feudal nobles who elected Hugh Capet to fill the empty throne. They were said to have chosen him because he was too weak to pose a threat to them. Philip Augustus strengthened royal government in many ways. Louis XI, who was also a saint, was very religious and pursued religious goals that were accepted by Christians during his time. Philip IV, Louis’ grandson, ruthlessly extended royal power . -Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor -He appointed bishops to top government jobs - Helped popes defeat other Roman nobles -German emperors’ problem involved with the conflicts with other popes over the appointment of Church officicial -They also claimed all authority overall Europe -Conflict between popes and Emperors -Pope Gregory VII : determined to make the Church independent secular rulers -He banned the practice of lay investiture -Thus, it made Emperor Henry IV angry from his bans -They fought against each other for many years -STRUGGLE INTENSIFIES - Pope excommunicated Henry in 1076 -They faced many revolts and was forced to make peace with the pope -Gregory led an army to Rome forcing the pope into exile -Concordat of Worms - After many years of fighting, they signed a treaty called the Concordat of Worms -They agreed that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest our bishops with spiritual authority During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious emperors sought to capture Italy Frederick Barbarbossa He was an emperor called Barbossa or “Red Beard” He fought to bring many cities under his control in Italy Arranged a marriage between his son Henry and Constance Thus, more German emperors are in Italian affairs Frederick 11 Child of Henry and Constance, that was raised in Italy Pursued his ambitions in Italy, however he failed to subdue cities in Italy Effects of Germany and Italy German nobles grew more independent France faced many rival battles, thus it was left in ruins Pope Innocent II Took office in 1198, claimed supremacy over all rulers Excommunicated the king and placed his kingdom under his interdict Launched a brutal crusade against the Albigensians where tens of thousands were slaughtered Europeans Look Outward Section 3 Jess Maugle The World in 1050 • India became politically divided. • They were advanced in math and developed new techniques. • The Chinese were the same. They had a strong government and made incredible increases in Math. The Crusades • Alexis I , Byzantine emperor , asked Pope Urban II to give him knights to help him fight Turkey. The Pope and Emperors did not get along , but Pope Urban later then agreed to give him the people he needed. • The Council of Clermont then went into effect and Urban called a war to fight for the Holy Land. Motives • In the year 1906 hundreds were headed in to the Holy Land. • Urban’s goal was to increase his power and heal the split (schism) between the Churches and Emperors. Victories & Defeats • Christians captured Jerusalem. • Their victory consisted of a massacre that Jews and Muslims were the victim. • Crusades bought up an increase in many items such as perfumes, spices and trade. • Nobles had to pay taxes to support the Crusades. Ferdinand & Isabella • Both were rulers of powerful kingdoms. • The kingdoms were so powerful , they made Grand fall. • Religious toleration – policy of worshipping who they choose. Chapter 9 Section 5 The Black Death • It was a disease that was spreading through Italy. • This disease spread through fleas on rats. Epidemic • It was an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease. • Rats scattered through crowded Chinese cities spread the plague, about 35 million people were killed. Social Upheaval • Terror was brought from the plague. • The disease had no way to be stopped. • Magic and Witchcraft was an option for people to turn to for cures, but some plunged into wild pleasures, believing they would soon die anyway. • To show people repented their sins, they best themselves with whips. Economic Effects • The European economy plunged to low ebb, in the late 1330’s. • Inflation, or rising prices, broke out as the cost of labor soared. • Landowners and merchants forced for laws to limit wages. • Both death and social unrest spread from the plague. Upheaval in the Church Divisions within the Catholic Church • • Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon on the border of Southern France, in 1309. 70 years of French domination remained, which is known as the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. New Heresies • • The church faced many problems. Wycliffe was burned at the stake in 1415. The Hundred Years of War • This is when France and England fought a series of conflicts between 1337 and 1453. Causes • When Edward III of England claimed the French crown in 1337, war erupted anew between these rival powers. English Victories • The English owed much of their success to the land bow, a six-foot bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce all armor. • France was most likely controlled by England. Effects • The war created a growing sense of national feeling in France. • Allowed French kings to expand their power. • The long bow and cannon gave common soldiers a new importance on the battlefield and undermined the value of armor knights. • Castles and knights were doomed to disappear. Joan of Arc and French Victory • Joan of Arc was a 17 year old peasant women. • She appeared at the court of Charles VII, the crowned king of France. • She paid for success with her life. • At the stake, she was convicted and buried. • The French saw her as a martyr. • After Joan’s death, the French took the offensive. Medieval Universities They came in Italy and Paris , and then in other cities Students woke up very early , and went to learn until 10 a.m. then had a little meal. At 5 p.m. they left class and went to eat. Women could not go to universities. They would study until bed. They could not get a real job without this kind of education. They were expected to memorize everything. “New learNiNg” Scholars started translating works into other languages. They traveled all the way to Western Europe. Aristotle taught people should use reason. Christians accepted many ideas and said the church was the final authority They studied scientists like Hippocrates and Euclid Hindu- Arabic numerals were adopted by the Europeans and it allowed scientists to make Great advances So Christian scholars used the method scholasticism, using reason to support beliefs. Medieval Literature Writings were now in vernacular, everyday languages like French, German, and Italian. Now heroic epics were put into vernacular. A famous epic was The Song of Roland ,this was the most popular. Spain’s greatest epic was The Poem of the Cid. Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales were now enjoyed by many people. Art And Architecture Romanesque Churches were built. Gothic style was developed, A main feature was the flying buttresses, these supported walls. They had thick walls and towers with no windows because it could weaken the walls. The roof was so heavy ,which was why they had thick walls. Inside it was dark and gloomy. Sculptures and stained glass windows were made to portray religious scenes.