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Growth of Royal Power
in England and France
By:
Alex Bright
Monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society, but they had limited power and relied on vassals
for military support. Both nobles and the Church:
-had their own courts,
-collected their own taxes
-and fielded their own armies
Monarchs uses various methods to obtain power. They:
-expanded the royal domain
-set up a system of royal justice that undermined feudal or Church courts
-organized a government bureaucracy
-developed a system of taxes
-and built a standing army
Monarchs strengthened ties with the middle class. In return, they supported the royal rulers, who
who could impose the peace and unity that were needed for trade.
Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and eventually settled in England. Even though
feudalism developed, the rulers still managed to keep their kingdoms united.
In 1066, King Edward died without an heir to claim the throne. A council of nobles
decided to choose Edward’s brother-in-law Harold to take the throne. At the same
time, Duke William of Normandy claimed the throne.
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Norman Conquest
Duke William raised an army and also won the backing of the pope. On December
25,1066, “William the Conqueror”, became ruler of England.
Over the next 300 years, a blending of Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon customs,
languages, and traditions gradually developed. To learn about his kingdom, he had a
census taken in 1086. The result of this was the Domesday Book. It listed every
castle, field, and pigpen in England. William’s successors continued to
Increase royal authority.
In 1154, King Henry II inherited the throne.
As a ruler he couldn’t write new laws, but
had to follow accepted customs. He sent
out traveling justices to enforce royal laws.
Henry’s efforts to extend royal power led
to a dispute with Church. Henry claimed
he had the right to try the clergy in court
A once close friend of Henry, Thomas
Becket, opposed his moves. The conflict
between them continued for years.
King John
Henry’s son John was an untrustworthy ruler.
He faced three powerful enemies (King
Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his
own English nobles). John soon battles with
Innocent III over who should be the new
arch bishop of Canterbury.
Magna Charter-King John was forced to
sign the Magna Charter in 1215. Its idea
influenced the systems of government that
many countries still use today.
Parliament
To keep the Magna Charter, English rulers
called on the Great Council for advice. They
eventually formed into Parliament.
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The Capetians were feudal nobles who elected Hugh Capet to fill the empty
throne. They were said to have chosen him because he was too weak to
pose a threat to them.
Philip Augustus strengthened royal government in many ways.
Louis XI, who was also a saint, was very religious and pursued religious
goals that were accepted by Christians during his time.
Philip IV, Louis’ grandson, ruthlessly extended royal power

.
-Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor
-He appointed bishops to top government jobs
- Helped popes defeat other Roman nobles
-German emperors’ problem involved with the conflicts with other popes over the appointment of
Church officicial
-They also claimed all authority overall Europe
-Conflict between popes and Emperors
-Pope Gregory VII : determined to make the Church independent secular rulers
-He banned the practice of lay investiture
-Thus, it made Emperor Henry IV angry from his bans
-They fought against each other for many years
-STRUGGLE INTENSIFIES
- Pope excommunicated Henry in 1076
-They faced many revolts and was forced to make peace with the pope
-Gregory led an army to Rome forcing the pope into exile
-Concordat of Worms
- After many years of fighting, they signed a treaty called the Concordat of Worms
-They agreed that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest our bishops with spiritual
authority

During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious emperors sought to capture Italy

Frederick Barbarbossa
He was an emperor called Barbossa or “Red Beard”
He fought to bring many cities under his control in Italy
Arranged a marriage between his son Henry and Constance
Thus, more German emperors are in Italian affairs

Frederick 11
Child of Henry and Constance, that was raised in Italy
Pursued his ambitions in Italy, however he failed to subdue cities in Italy

Effects of Germany and Italy
German nobles grew more independent
France faced many rival battles, thus it was left in ruins
 Pope Innocent II
 Took office in 1198, claimed supremacy
over all rulers
 Excommunicated the king and placed his
kingdom under his interdict
 Launched a brutal crusade against the
Albigensians where tens of thousands
were slaughtered
Europeans Look Outward
Section 3
Jess Maugle
The World in 1050
• India became politically divided.
• They were advanced in math and
developed new techniques.
• The Chinese were the same. They had a
strong government and made incredible
increases in Math.
The Crusades
• Alexis I , Byzantine emperor , asked Pope
Urban II to give him knights to help him
fight Turkey. The Pope and Emperors did
not get along , but Pope Urban later then
agreed to give him the people he needed.
• The Council of Clermont then went into
effect and Urban called a war to fight for
the Holy Land.
Motives
• In the year 1906 hundreds were headed in
to the Holy Land.
• Urban’s goal was to increase his power
and heal the split (schism) between the
Churches and Emperors.
Victories & Defeats
• Christians captured Jerusalem.
• Their victory consisted of a massacre that
Jews and Muslims were the victim.
• Crusades bought up an increase in many
items such as perfumes, spices and trade.
• Nobles had to pay taxes to support the
Crusades.
Ferdinand & Isabella
• Both were rulers of powerful kingdoms.
• The kingdoms were so powerful , they
made Grand fall.
• Religious toleration – policy of
worshipping who they choose.
Chapter 9 Section 5
The Black Death
• It was a disease that was spreading through Italy.
• This disease spread through fleas on rats.
Epidemic
• It was an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease.
• Rats scattered through crowded Chinese cities spread the
plague, about 35 million people were killed.
Social Upheaval
•
Terror was brought from the plague.
• The disease had no way to be stopped.
• Magic and Witchcraft was an option for people to turn to for cures, but
some plunged into wild pleasures, believing they would soon die anyway.
• To show people repented their sins, they best themselves with whips.
Economic Effects
• The European economy plunged to low ebb, in the late 1330’s.
• Inflation, or rising prices, broke out as the cost of labor soared.
• Landowners and merchants forced for laws to limit wages.
• Both death and social unrest spread from the plague.
Upheaval in the Church
Divisions within the Catholic Church
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•
Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon on the border of
Southern France, in 1309.
70 years of French domination remained, which is known as the Babylonian
Captivity of the Church.
New Heresies
•
• The church faced many problems.
Wycliffe was burned at the stake in 1415.
The Hundred Years of War
• This is when France and England fought a series of conflicts
between 1337 and 1453.
Causes
• When Edward III of England claimed the French crown in 1337, war
erupted anew between these rival powers.
English Victories
• The English owed much of their success to the land bow, a six-foot
bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce all
armor.
• France was most likely controlled by England.
Effects
• The war created a growing sense of national feeling in France.
• Allowed French kings to expand their power.
• The long bow and cannon gave common soldiers a new importance
on the battlefield and undermined the value of armor knights.
• Castles and knights were doomed to disappear.
Joan of Arc and French Victory
• Joan of Arc was a 17 year old peasant women.
• She appeared at the court of Charles VII, the crowned king of
France.
• She paid for success with her life.
• At the stake, she was convicted and buried.
• The French saw her as a martyr.
• After Joan’s death, the French took the offensive.
Medieval Universities
They came in Italy and Paris , and
then in other cities
Students woke up very early ,
and went to learn until 10
a.m. then had a little meal.
At 5 p.m. they left class and
went to eat.
Women could not go to
universities.
They would study until bed.
They could not get a real job
without this kind of education.
They were expected to
memorize everything.
“New learNiNg”
Scholars started translating
works into other languages.
They traveled all the way to
Western Europe.
Aristotle taught people should use
reason.
Christians accepted many ideas and
said the church was the final
authority
They studied scientists like Hippocrates
and Euclid
Hindu- Arabic numerals were adopted by
the Europeans and it allowed scientists to make
Great advances
So Christian scholars used the
method scholasticism, using reason
to support beliefs.
Medieval Literature
Writings were now in vernacular, everyday
languages like French, German, and Italian.
Now heroic epics were put into
vernacular.
A famous epic was The Song of
Roland ,this was the most
popular.
Spain’s greatest epic was The
Poem of the Cid.
Dante’s Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales were
now enjoyed by many people.
Art And Architecture
Romanesque
Churches were
built.
Gothic style was developed,
A main feature was the flying
buttresses, these supported walls.
They had thick walls
and towers with no
windows because it
could weaken the
walls.
The roof was so
heavy ,which was
why they had thick
walls.
Inside it was dark
and gloomy.
Sculptures and stained glass
windows were made to portray
religious scenes.