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European Medieval Society Role of the Church Charlemagne Manorial System Feudalism Popes & Kings Background Middle Ages: A.D.500 – A.D.1500 Around A.D.500 Western Roman Empire crumbles Germanic Tribes Invade Western Empire Caused three major changes in society: 1. 2. 3. Disruption of Trade Downfall of Cities (people moved to countryside) Decline of Learning Invaders were illiterate Greek and Latin learning almost totally lost Priests and Church officials were literate Latin Evolves Invaders Languages combined with Latin Different dialects emerge Romance (Roman-based) languages evolve French Spanish Italian Just as Latin broke up and emerged as different languages, the Western Roman Empire broke up and emerged as different empires SIX DIFFERENT EMPIRES See page 350 in your textbook Which 6 major empires emerged from the Western Roman empire? Germanic Kingdoms vs Roman Empire Roman Empire Citizens loyal to Rome (the Empire) Soldiers obedient to Caesar (ruler) One government/set of laws rules all people Germanic Kingdoms Citizens loyal to family and lord/tribal chief Soldiers follow lord, not the king No unified set of laws to govern all The Franks Modern-day France & Switzerland Clovis (Ruler of the Franks) Fought against other Germanic tribes Converted to Christianity Formed partnership with Rome & the Catholic Church The Church and Germanic Society Many Germanic people convert to Christianity Monasteries and Convents built Become centers for education Benedict Wrote rules for monasteries Scholastica Adopted Benedict’s rules for convents Venerable Bede Wrote early history of England Pope Gregory I Becomes Pope in 590 A.D. GREATLY expands the power of the Papal office in Rome Increased Political Power Raised Armies Negotiated peace treaties Began to envision a large kingdom ruled by the church, and the Pope. Charles the Hammer & Pepin the Short Major Domo – “Mayor of the Palace” Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) Official office (the most powerful person in the Frankish Kingdom) Major Domo in 719 A.D. (held more power than the Frankish King Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours Pepin the Short Negotiated with Pope to fight Lombards Pope named Pepin “King by the Grace of God” Beginning of Carolingian Dynasty (would rule Frankish Kingdom for 200 years) CHARLEMAGNE Pepin the Short has 2 sons Carloman and Charles Carloman dies – Charles inherits Frankish Kingdom Charles known as Charlemagne “Charles the Great” Doubles the size of the Frankish Empire Largest empire since unified Roman Empire Charlemagne’s Conquests Spread Christianity Unified Western Europe Charlemagne becomes Emperor Charlemagne travels to Rome Crushes an uprising against the Pope Legend/Myth – Mobs attacking Pope Leo III in streets, trying to blind him and cut out his tongue Charlemagne saves the Pope/crushes rebellion Pope Leo III names Charlemagne emperor (on Christmas Day) Pope takes authority to name emperors Franks tied to Catholic church and legacy of Roman Empire Charlemagne’s Legacy Unified Western/Central Europe Spread Christianity Legend: beheaded 4500 people who wouldn’t convert to death (in one day!) Encouraged education Charlemagne dies – 817 A.D. Sons divide up the kingdom Kings lose power Feudalism begins in Europe FEUDALISM & MANORIALISM Setting the stage Carolingian Kings lose power Invaders attack Europe Muslims from south (Northern Africa) Magyars from east (Hungary – E. Europe) Vikings from north (Scandinavia) Invasions create disorder and fear in Europe Kings could not guarantee protection People turned to local lords for protection Feudalism Important terms: Lords Landowners Kings, nobles, church officials, knights Fief Piece of land Vassal Person receiving the land (fief) Nobles, church officials, knights, peasants SEE PYRAMID ON PAGE 361 Feudalism Pyramid Feudalism Kings needed military power Promised land (fief) to nobles in exchange for military loyalty Nobles gave land to knights in exchange for loyalty and service Peasants needed protection from invaders Peasants worked land in exchange for protection (Serfs – not allowed to leave) Manorialism Formed economic basis of Feudal System Serfs/Peasants worked lord’s land Fruits of serf labor belonged to lord Lords provide housing and protection to serfs “Manor” – Lord’s estate Completely self-sufficient Manor house Peasant cottages Church Fields Water Effects of Manorialism & Feudalism Provided social structure Created social classes Nobles, peasants, etc. Provided some Stability in Europe Harsh life for peasants/serfs Average life expectancy – 35 years KNIGHTS & CHIVALRY Chivalry Code of beliefs/ideals followed by knights Followed Earthly lord Heavenly Lord Protected Lady Weak/poor Loyalty (to lord and Lord) Bravery CHIVALRY & KNIGHTS Knights “Hired” soldiers Served wishes of lord Fief – Vassals Literature Camelot/King Arthur The Song of Roland (famous epic poem) Troubadours Travelling poet-musicians Often sang of love ROLE OF WOMEN Church Views Noble Women Had some power (when husband was away) Peasant Women Church was very influential Viewed women as inferior Limited to raising children & household chores Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen of England in late 1100’s Mother to Richard the Lion-Hearted POWER OF THE CHURCH Pope Gelasius I Two swords created by God Religious Political Wielded by the Pope Grants Pope authority over religious matters Emperor should yield to the Pope on religious issues Wielded by the Emperor Grants Emperor authority over political matters Pope should yield to the Emperor on political issues Two leaders could rule in harmony CHURCH HIERARCHY - CLERGY POPE BISHOPS PRIESTS INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH Unifying Force Common beliefs – Stability for people Social Center – Common Holidays Canon Law (Church Law) Marriage & Religious practices Church Courts Excommunication Interdict No salvation for exommunicant Vassals freed of duties No sacraments All people doomed to hell TREMENDOUS POWER TO CHURCH HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Otto I Formed close alliance with church Pope crowns Otto Emperor Lay Investiture Power to name clergy Kings can control church Gregory VII Bans lay investiture EMPERORS & POPES CLASH Emperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VII Gregory bans lay investiture Henry demands Gregory step down Gregory excommunicates Henry Canossa, Italy Henry begs for forgiveness Gregory ends excommunication Concordat of Worms Compromise Only the church can appoint bishops Emperor can veto appointments FREDERICK I Barbarosa (Red Beard) Named King to unite empire (1152 A.D.) Repeatedly invades Italy Italian merchants and Pope unite against him Battle of Legnano Merchants and Pope victorious (crossbows) First time in history foot soldiers defeat knights GERMAN STATES REMAIN SEPARATE (No unification since Charlemagne) THE CHURCH & THE CRUSADES Spiritual Age Monastery at Cluny Unified the people of Middle Ages Spiritual revival “Beginning” of church reorganization Church Problems Priests marrying (against the rules) Simony – selling church offices Lay Investiture CHURCH RESTRUCTURING Monastery at Cluny Began the restructuring Pope Leo IX & Pope Gregory VII Reorganized church hierarchy Pope – Bishops – Priests Curia Group of advisors to Pope Formed Canon Law Tithe (taxes) THE FRIARS Friar – preached to the poor Travelling monks Dominic & Francis of Assisi Dominic Francis of Assisi Spanish priest Founded the Dominican order of Friars Emphasized education Italian priest Founded the Franciscan order of Friars Respect for all God’s creatures Clare & Hildegard Founded orders for women CATHEDRALS Many worshiped in small churches Cathedrals Romanesque Architecture Huge, ornately decorated churches Representation of a “City of God” Small windows Dark Gothic Architecture Enduring legacy of the church! Soaring GOTHIC vs. ROMANESQUE Romanesque Gothic Round Arches Pointed Arches Thick Walls Exterior buttresses Small windows Modest Height Large, stained-glass windows Vertical, Tall Dark, gloomy Tall, light-filled Romanesque Romanesque Gothic Gothic THE CRUSADES Series of wars/battles over 300 years Call for all Christians to capture Jerusalem from the Muslims Muslim Turks also attacked Constantinople Constantinople – Christian city Pope Urban II – called for Crusades to retake the Holy Land THE CRUSADES Goals of the Crusades: 1. Retake Jerusalem and Constantinople 2. Reunite Eastern and Western church 3. Money/Profit THE 1ST & 2ND CRUSADES First Crusade 1097 A.D. 12,000 Crusaders Attempted to retake Jerusalem Captured the city on July 15, 1099 Crusader states established Second Crusade Edessa (Crusader state) taken by Muslims Crusaders lose (Edessa not retaken) THE 3RD CRUSADE Jerusalem captured by Saladin Philip II (France), Frederick I (Germany), Richard the Lion-Hearted (England) Led 3rd Crusade to retake Jerusalem Phillip goes home Frederick drowns Richard battles Saladin TRUCE (1192) Jerusalem remains Muslim; Christians (unarmed) could freely visit MORE CRUSADES 4th Crusade 5th – 8th Crusades Another failed attempt to capture Jerusalem Crusaders loot Constantinople instead - $$$ Profit-driven Failed to capture Jerusalem 9th & 10th Crusades Crusaders invade Egypt Attempt to weaken Muslims Unsuccessful CHILDREN’S CRUSADES?? Stephen of Cloyes (French) Nicholas of Cologne (German) 12 years old Led 30,000 unarmed kids (<18) Many died (cold, starvation, drowned) Rest sold into slavery Led 20,000 young adults to Rome Only ~ 2,000 survive Some sail towards Holy Land, but are never heard from again Power of the Church? SPANISH CRUSADE Called the Reconquista Spanish drive the Muslims out of Spain Followed by the Spanish Inquisition Infamous trials held by the Church Heretics Guilty were burned at stake Muslims chased from Spain LEGACY OF THE CRUSADES Demonstrated the Power of the Church Expanded trade between Europe & Southwest Asia Weakened power of Pope Increased power of Kings Distrust between Muslims and Christians CHANGES – Other than the Church 1000 A.D. – 1300 A.D. Europe’s population grows Cultural changes Muslim & Byzantine influence Changes in agriculture Changes in business trade & finance Agricultural Changes Need for FOOD More people = Need for more food! Europeans able to increase farm production Warmer climate New agricultural methods New farmland available (too cold previously) Horses take the plow Oxen previously used – Horses could plow 3x faster Three field system Farmers use 3 fields instead of two = MORE FOOD EFFECTS More food = Healthier population = Longer Life Resulted in rapid population growth Death Rate decreases, Life span increases = Population increases Changes in Business GUILDS Organization of individuals in the same trade Merchant Guilds 1st guilds Could keep prices high Craft Guilds Standards for their crafts Working conditions Wages Quality of Work (breadmakers) Craft Guilds Apprentice Journeyman Trained by & lived with Master (2-7 years) Parents paid Master for training When trained, became . . . Worked for Master (paid salary) Had to produce masterpiece and apply to guild to become . . . Master Owned his own shop Worked with other Masters More Changes in Business Commercial Revolution Expansion of Trade & Business Fairs Allowed trade of goods from distant lands Expanded “banking” ---- Credit between merchants MORE GOODS = MORE WORKERS NEEDED Serfs move to towns – work Free after living in a town for 1 year Towns’ populations grow Towns become Cities Towns/Cities dangerous and dirty More on this later Changes in Culture Renewed Interest in Learning Muslim & Byzantine Libraries Volumes of works by Greek Philosophers Crusaders bring back Muslim, Greek, & Byzantine knowledge The University Group of students meeting to study a subject France, Italy, & England Proper Universities appear – give Degrees New ideas and works of literature Dante – The Divine Comedy Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologicae Combined Biblical teachings and logic (Aristotle) Influenced future governments of W. Europe ENGLAND & FRANCE England & France First countries in Europe to have strong, centralized governments – “Country” 800’s – 900’s A.D. Britain made up of feudal states Not unified Angles & Saxons Early peoples in Britain Anglo-Saxon Culture ENGLAND Important early rulers Alfred the Great (Anglo-Saxon) United feudal states – named it “England” Canute (Danish – Viking) Conquered England Introduced elements of Viking culture Edward the Confessor (Anglo-Saxon) King – died without naming a successor Struggle for power ensued ENGLAND William the Conqueror From Normandy Edward the Confessor’s cousin Coastal region in Northern France Hereditary claim to throne of England Invades England ENGLAND BATTLE OF HASTINGS 1066 A.D. William the Conqueror vs. Harold Godwinson Harold takes an arrow to the eye William is victorious ENGLAND Importance of William & Battle of Hastings William claims all of England as his own Kicks out English lords – supported Harold Gives land to Norman lords in exchange for loyalty UNIFIED ENGLAND ESTABLISHED FOUNDATION FOR UNIFIED GOVERNMENT ENGLAND Important advances in Government Courts & Jury Trials (Henry II) Jury of 12 neighbors Common Law Collection of jury rulings Basis for many modern laws in Englishspeaking countries The Magna Carta (John Softsword) Ineffective Ruler (John) - taxes Nobles revolt – force John to sign Magna Carta Guarantees certain basic rights Jury trial, no taxation without representation, protection of the law ENGLAND More important advances in gov’t Parliament (Edward I) Edward needed money for a war against the French, Welsh, and Scots Summoned two people from every burough and county to serve as Parliament November, 1295 – Model Parliament Knights, citizens, bishops, & nobles meet Model for future Parliaments Knights & Citizens – House of Commons Bishops & Nobles – House of Lords Parliament Building in London FRANCE New dynasty (after Carolingian) Hugh Capet Ruled small territory that included Paris Capetian Dynasty (~340 years) Phillip II (Capetian King) Seized Normandy from England Tripled the size of French territory Established the Estates-General Basis for French Government 1ST Estate – Church leaders 2nd Estate – Lords 3rd Estate – Landowners & Merchants ENGLAND & FRANCE Importance of English & French advancements in Government: Centralized Government Created court systems INCLUDED COMMONERS IN THE GOVERNMENT PROCESS 100 YEARS WAR & THE PLAGUE Watch for the following: Division of the Church (again) A Deadly epidemic Popes and Kings don’t get along Wars in England & France Joan of Arc THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Also called Black Death Disease, carried by fleas (on rats) Spread throughout the entire world Wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s population BLACK DEATH Most PEOPLE had fleas Very few bathed Towns and Cities filthy Garbage and human waste thrown in streets Large rat population Fleas travelled via rats from person to person Symptoms Black spots on skin Death – quickly (lifeless ships) EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE Population decreased dramatically 1/3 of Europe – Dead Medieval Society disrupted Manoralism/Feudalism crumbles Jews blamed for plague (why?) Church suffers Prayers don’t end plague THE GREAT SCHISM Another split in the church Began with Pope-King conflict Pope Boniface VIII declares all kings must obey Popes King Philip IV (France) imprisons Boniface VIII THE GREAT SCHISM Avignon, France Urban VI (Italian) Pope Clement V moves to Avignon Popes live in Avignon for ~70 years Badly weakens Catholic church Popes move back to Rome Bishops pressured to name Italian Pope Arrogant Bishops elect 2nd Pope!! Clement VII (French) THE GREAT SCHISM TWO POPES! Urban VI & Clement VII Excommunicate each other - church splits French Pope (Clement VII) – Avignon Italian Pope (Urban VI) – Rome THREE POPES! Council of Constance (1414) Force all 3 Popes to resign Elect new Pope – Martin V CHUCH BADLY WEAKENED AGAIN SCHOLARS CHALLENGE Due to perceived weakness of Papacy John Wycliffe Jesus is true head of church – not Pope Jan Hus Biblical law authority over Pope law Excommunicated Burned at stake! 100 YEARS’ WAR Series of wars between England & France England once occupied part of France Capetian King dies – no successor William the Conqueror – Normandy Edward III (England) claims French throne 1337 A.D. – 1453 A.D. 100 YEARS’ WAR Important effects Ended importance of knights & chivalry Longbow & foot soldiers slaughter knights Battles of Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt Showed strength of Joan of Arc Heard voices (God telling her to rescue France) Battle of Orleans French begin to retreat Joan of Arc turns around and charges the English French soldiers follow French army victorious Helped Charles VII become King of France JOAN OF ARC BURNS Joan captured and turned over to English Church condemns Joan of Arc as witch Because of her claim to hear voices Church burns Joan of Arc at the stake Charles VII does nothing! She had helped him become King DEATH OF THE MIDDLE AGES Characteristics of Middle Ages The Church The Great Schism “Battles” between Popes & Kings Bubonic Plague Chivalry & Knights Longbow & Foot soldiers Battles of Crecy, Poitiers, & Agincourt Feudalism Kings regain central authority National Pride – England & France