Download Holy Roman Empire

AP TEST REVIEW
600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.
ISLAM BEGINS
• Prophet Muhammad in Mecca, early 7th century
• Message from God was to make his people
(Arabs) of one religion (monotheistic) to unify
themselves and submit to his will
• Polytheist Mecca rejected him, forcing his
“Hijra” to Medina in 622 C.E.
• Muhammad and his Umma return to Mecca and
conquer it, thus beginning the spread of Islam
throughout the Arab world and beyond
•After Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, Abu Bakr
takes over and becomes the first CALIPH
(political and religious leader combined)
– Islam will continue to grow and spread into
Southwest Asia, Africa, and Europe
– Sunni and Shia Islam split over the issue of
succession of Muhammad
Umayyad Caliphate
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Capital located in Damascus, Syria
Arabic became the official language
Gold and silver became monetary standard
Conquered people were encouraged to convert to Islam for
sake of unity; those who did not convert were taxed
• In power from 661-750 C.E.
• Arabs were the higher social class (original converts to Islam,
therefore became the preferred social class)
ABBASID CALIPHATE
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Reigned from 750 – 1258 C.E.
“Golden Age” of Islam
Built magnificent capital at Baghdad
Trade was a priority for the Abbasid
Huge innovations in science, math, medicine, literature
Established libraries that helped preserve Western culture
Sufis helped convert people through their mystical, romantic methodology which stressed
personal relationship to Allah
• Converts to Islam (the “Mawali”) were treated better than in the Umayyad Caliphate
where Arabs were the elites
THE ABBASID GOLDEN AGE
WOMEN IN ISLAM
• Typical of a patriarchal society, women
were viewed as property and had little
rights
• Women’s testimony was worth ½ of a
man’s
• Qu’ran established basic rights for women
and gave them equality before God
• Khadija, Muhammad’s first wife, was an
influential figure
• Women were veiled in public (modesty
and protection)
• Women were kept at home mostly since
domestic responsibilities were seen as
their primary duty in life
• Men could have many wives but women
were required to be faithful to one man
• Weakened by:
– conflict between
Sunni/Shia
– Different ethnic
groups in expanding
Muslim world
– Turkish Mamluks
revolted (military
slaves)
– Seljuk Turks were
also threatening
– Mongol Invasion
was the final blow
that ended the
Abbasid Caliphate in
the 13th century
DECLINE OF THE ABBASID
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
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The Roman Empire in the East (divided Empire)
Greek speakers (not Latin like in the West)
Orthodox Christianity (not Catholic)
Byzantine Rulers had absolute authority
– Caesaropapism (both emperor and pope)
JUSTINIAN & The Justinian Code
Justinian ruled the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century CE and
restored the glory of the Roman Empire at Constantinople. His legal
system (Justinian Code), based on the 12 Tables of Rome, was
significant because they kept a codified legal system in use in Europe.
He also built the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople
Justinian’s Reign
• Constantinople’s glory was restored
• Trade and the arts flourished
• Justinian Code made laws codified and kept
Roman legal principles alive
• Hagia Sofia was constructed
HAGIA SOFIA (INSIDE)
Orthodox vs. Catholic
• The two Christian denominations
were at odds with each other
over several theological issues
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Language of the liturgy
Marriage of priests
Communion
Trinitarian nature of God
• Eventually there was a SCHISM
in 1054 C.E. when leaders from
both churches
excommunicated each other!
• East vs. West
RUSSIA
• Vladimir converts the people of Kiev to
Orthodox Christianity; will stay distinct from
Western Europe as a result
• St. Cyril uses Greek alphabet to create a Slavic
alphabet in order to better reach his potential
converts
FRANKS VS.
MUSLIMS
• In Europe, Christianity was growing but so was the threat
from Islam (Spain and southern Italy)
• King Clovis of the Franks (Germanic tribe) unified the region
under the religion of Catholicism, making it easier to fight
another religion like Islam
• Charles Martel helped defeat Muslim army at the Battle of
Tours in 732 (stopping Islam from dominating northern
Europe)
• Martel forms the Carolingian Dynasty and crowns his son
Pepin (who gets blessed by the Pope, a sign of the power of
the Papacy in northern Europe)
CHARLES MARTEL
and the Battle of Tours, 732 C.E.
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
• Pepin’s son Charles (Charlemagne) will
build the empire and it will come to be called
the Holy Roman Empire
CHARLEMAGNE
A Different Kind of Empire:
• The Holy Roman Empire was small,
decentralized, and relatively weak
• Local lords had a great deal of power and did
not consult Charlemagne on everything
• Charlemagne did not collect taxes and did not
build a very strong empire
• Treaty of Verdun breaks the empire into thirds
in 843 C.E. (going to his 3 grandsons)
OMG!!!
RUN FOR YOUR LIFE!
THE NORSEMEN (VIKINGS)
• Excellent seafarers from
northern Europe who
also were really
excellent raiders
• Also good fishermen &
merchants
• Eventually converted to
Christianity, and they
weren’t quite as much
fun to be around
(according to this guy)
FEUDALISM IN EUROPE
FEUDAL PYRAMID
• KING
– NOBLES
• LESSER LORDS (VASSALS)
–LESSER VASSALS
»PEASANTS (serfs)
FEUDAL SYSTEM
• Estates given to vassals = FIEFS (later manors)
• Lord and peasants lived on the manor
• Peasants worked for the lord in exchange for
protection and homes
• Serfs were tied to the land and couldn’t leave or
move without permission
• Code of Chivalry in place to keep lords (knights) in
line
• Women of elite class were valued for feminine
traits but still essentially considered property
HANSEATIC LEAGUE
• A trade alliance throughout northern Europe
• Possible due to the growth of towns thanks to
the decline of the manor system and the birth
of the middle class in Europe
ARCHITECTURE: GOTHIC STYLE
Gothic Architecture was known for pointed spires, flying buttresses, and stained glass
THE CRUSADES
• Military campaigns to take back the Holy Land
and convert Muslims and non-Christians to
Christianity
• Control of the trade routes of the
Mediterranean and Silk Roads was also vital
The Church Militant
• Pope Innocent III issued decrees on church
doctrine
• Jews and heretics were persecuted (tortured,
excommunicated, killed, or exiled)
• The Inquisition with Pope Gregory IX
Bubonic Plague
• Estimated 35 million deaths
• Started in China and spread due to trade and
the Mongol control of Silk Road
• Helped bring an end to feudalism in Europe
(loss of workers meant more value to
peasants/serfs)
• Social and economic changes were sped up
• Church lost power and believers
CHANGES IN EUROPE
• England unifies under William the
Conqueror
– Magna Carta (1215 C.E.) gives rights to
nobles and lessens absolute power of king
• Germanic and Italian city-states
decentralize
• “Countries” start to form, along linguistic
and cultural lines
• France and England begin fighting, and
haven’t really stopped hating each other
since…Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
• Queen Isabella marries Ferdinand and
unifies Spain (with the Catholic Church’s
blessing and assistance)
• Spain becomes a world power and the
world is about to change in a big way
TANG DYNASTY CHINA
• Ruled from 618-907 CE
• Expanded into Manchuria, Tibet, Korea,
Mongolia
• Overexpan
• sion led to lack of control and warlords seized
power, Tang collapsed
CHINA- continued
• Tang and Song Dynasties used the civil service
examinations which began under the Han
• This kept numbers of educated, Confucianist, loyal
government workers in bureaucracy
• Tang collected tribute from other countries including
Vietnam and Korea
• Moveable Type helped literacy (Song)
• Song also developed gunpowder and the junk ship,
along with the magnetic compass
• Champa rice helped double the population and
contributed to urbanization in China
CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS
CHINESE INNOVATIONS
EMPRESS WU ZHAO
• Tang Dynasty had a woman emperor (unique)
• Blame it on Buddhism! Confucianists were
not happy with this development
Foot Binding during
Song Dynasty
• To keep women in rightful place (for elites this
meant at home), Chinese practiced foot
binding to keep the female feet small and
childlike (big feet were considered masculine)
JAPAN
• Yamato Clan takes over leadership, claiming to
be direct descendants of the sun goddess, one
of the main deities in Shinto religion
• Yamato stayed in power for 1500 years…even
today the emperor is from the same family
• Hereditary social structure: different than
Confucianist China and civil service exams
based on merit rather than family
FEUDAL JAPAN
BUSHIDO (Chivalry)
DELHI SULTANATE INDIA
• Islamic invaders took over northwestern
India and tried to convert Hindus or tax
them
• Northern India was changed, many
converted to Islam while those in the south
stayed Hindu
• Much development occurred during this time
period for India
Delhi Sultanate India
THE MONGOLS
• Excellent horsemen and archers
• Genghis Khan in the early 1200’s unified
various Mongol tribes and began conquest of
much of Eurasia
MONGOL HORDES
• Golden Horde conquered Russia
• Kublai Khan ruled in China
PAX MONGOLICA
• Trade flourished thanks to Mongol control of the trade routes
(no one dared messed with traders since the Mongols would
exact revenge if money did not reach them)
• Mongols were in the game solely for wealth extraction, not
promotion of their own culture (unlike Greeks, British,
French)
AFRICA
• Mali in western Africa (city of Timbuktu)
• Mansa Musa travels to Mecca and shows off
the great wealth of his kingdom (gold)
TRANS-SAHARA TRADE ROUTES
THE AMERICAS
• Maya in Central America
• Inca in the Andes Mountains of S. America
• Aztec in Mexico
AZTEC EMPIRE
• Tenochtitlan capital city
• Tens of thousands of ritual sacrifices to deities
(war captives)
• Warriors were the elite social class
• Tribute required of neighboring states
AZTECS
Maccu Picchu (Inca)
INCA EMPIRE
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2000 miles of South American coastline
Professional army
Established bureaucracy
Unified language
Roads and bridges connecting the empire
Mit’a System in place to maintain
infrastructure of empire
MAYA
• Largely agricultural peasant population
• Warfare frequent
• Large cities of 40,000 people
INDIAN OCEAN TRADE
• In the post-classical era, Persians and Arabs
dominated trade in the Indian Ocean
• Connected ports in eastern Africa (Swahili Coast)
with ports in Western India and the Persian Gulf
• Boats used monsoon winds to travel
• Safer travel in Indian Ocean compared to the
Mediterranean (where warfare was constant)
• Blended cultures as a result of sailors marrying
women in different ports
SILK ROAD
• Carried more than silk (porcelain, paper)
• Religions were also transmitted along the Silk Road
– Buddhism from India to China
– Islam to Central Asia and beyond
– Christianity
– Cultural Diffusion at work (religion, languages, food, art,
and products spread around the world as a result of the
Silk Road)