Download The Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages
Chapter 15, Section 1, page 512
The Geography of Europe – page 512
• Europe is a continent.
– a peninsula made up of
smaller peninsulas
– most of Europe lies within 300
miles of the sea
– rivers – Rhine, Danube,
Vistula, Volga, Seine, etc.
– mountains – Alps,
Carpathians, etc.
– mountains and rivers –
encouraged trade, provided
safety, and separated
cultures
The Germanic Kingdoms – page 514
• When last we were in Europe…
– Western Roman Empire was collapsing
• 476 A.D. – last Western emperor was deposed
• Germanic tribes had spread throughout the old territory of the
Empire
– Byzantine Empire was thriving
– Christianity was well established
• What does this mean?
– population shifts to rural areas
– unifying factors of the empire start to diminish
– decline of literacy
The Germanic Kingdoms – page 514
Who Were the Franks? – page 514
• c. A.D. 400 – the Franks settled modern day
France
• Clovis – Frankish king who became a Catholic
– conversions
– death and division of land
– breakdown in royal duties
• “mayors of the palace”
Who Were the Franks? – page 515
• Charles Martel – famous
mayor of the palace who
wanted to reunite Europe
– A.D. 732 – defeated the
Muslims at the Battle of
Tours
• Pepin the Short –
became king of the Franks
(with help); defended the
pope against the
Lombards (Papal States)
Who Was Charlemagne? – page 515
• Charlemagne – Charles
the Great
– defended pope, again
– defeated the Saxons in
Germany and converted
them
– regained parts of Spain
from the Muslims
– Christmas Day, A.D. 800 –
Pope Leo III crowned him
Roman Emperor
• Hmmm?
Who Was Charlemagne? – page 515
Who Was Charlemagne? – page 516
• Aachen – capital of Charlemagne’s empire
• leadership style
– man of the people?
– set up courts
– sent out “the lord’s messengers”
– strong belief in education (perhaps because of his
own shortcomings)
• focus on religion, music, literature, arithmetic, Latin
Who Was Charlemagne? – page 518
• Charlemagne’s impact
– united a large portion of
Europe
– defended Christianity and
the Church
– spread Christianity
– supported education
• empire disintegrated after
his death → son Louis →
to grandsons Charles,
Lothair, and Louis
Europe Is Invaded – page 518
Europe after the Treaty of Verdun, 843 A.D.
Europe Is Invaded – page 518
• A.D. 800s and 900s were
not good times…
– Magyars
– Muslims
– Vikings
• Vikings, a.k.a. Norsemen
(“north men”)
– Scandinavia
– top-notch sailors courtesy
of their longboats
– feared raiders
Europe Is Invaded – page 518
• Vikings
– Why raid?
• geography - fjords – steep
sided valleys that are inlets
of the sea
• part of the culture –
“Valhalla”
– known for their ferocity
and violence
– Normandy
Europe Is Invaded – page 518
The Holy Roman Empire – page 519
• eastern Frankish kingdom divided into tiny states
• Henry I (the Fowler)
• Otto I - German king the pope declared emperor
of the Holy Roman Empire in A.D. 962
– most emperors were weak
– outcome: Germany and Italy remained divided into small
kingdoms until the 1800s
The Rise of the Catholic Church – page 519
• Pope Gregory I (the Great) – sent missionaries
throughout Europe to convert people to
Catholicism
– conversion of Ethelbert, ruler of Kent (Britain)
– by A.D. 1050 most of the people in Western Europe had
converted to Catholicism
– monasteries filled essential roles
• later became money-makers = involvement in the politics of
the area
Why Is Gregory VII Important? – page 520
☼
A.D. 1073 Gregory VII made
pope; issued decree forbidding
kings from appointing highranking Church officials.
Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor
refused to obey the order and
declared that Gregory was no
longer pope.
Gregory excommunicated Henry
IV.
Germans chose a new king;
Gregory backed the new king.
Henry had to stand barefoot in
the snow to beg forgiveness.
Reluctantly, Gregory lifts
excommunication .
The nobles backed the pope.
Henry went to war, captured
Rome, named a new pope, and
was driven out of Rome by
Gregory’s allies.
☼
1122 a new pope and the king
work out an agreement, the
Concordat of Worms.
Why Is Gregory VII Important? – page 520
• Concordat of Worms – pope named bishops;
only kings could give them government
positions
– limited the power of the emperor
– concordat – agreement between the pope and the
ruler of a country
– struggle of popes and kings
– interdicts
Feudalism
Chapter 15, Section 2, page 523
What Is Feudalism? – page 523
• feudalism – political and
social system in which
landowning nobles governed
and protected the people in
return for services
(particularly military service)
• vassal – a noble who served
a lord of a higher rank
• fief – land granted to a
vassal
What Was the Manorial System? – page 524
• manorial system – basic economic arrangement during the
Middle Ages that rested on a set of rights and obligations
between a lord and his serfs
– manor – lord’s estate
– lords provided housing, farmland, protection, and other services
– serfs (peasant laborers bound by law to the lands of a noble)
provided labor (cared for livestock, tended crops, etc.) and other
duties, and paid for services
• couldn’t marry without permission of lord
What Was the Manorial System? – page 524
How Did Farming Improve? – page 526
• farming improvements
– wheeled plow
– horse collar
– water and wind power
– crop rotation
Life in Feudal Europe – page 526
• knights – mounted horsemen who pledged
to defend their lord’s lands in exchange
for a fief
– Why?
• changes in technology made mounted combat
effective
• expense
– Process – page (7) → squire (14) → knight (21)
– knights follow code of chivalry (guide for knights
good behavior)
– manors run by women in their husband’s absence
How Did Nobles Live? – page 526
• the castle
– not one design
fits all
– types: motte and
bailey,
concentric, etc.
– not built for
comfort
– formidable
structure
What Was Peasant Life Like? – page 527
• In a word, harsh.
– hard work and lots of it
– living conditions: dirty,
cramped, little privacy
– life expectancy around 35
years
– diet was meager
– women pulled double duty
– Church was central:
Christian feast days
– as bad as we think?
Trade and Cities – page 528
• A surplus of goods and safer travel allowed
trade to resume by 1100; which led to bigger
cities; for example:
– Venice – Italian city that was a major trading center
– Flanders – the center of trade in Northern Europe
• trade fairs established
• bartering gives way to coinage again
Crafts and Guilds – page 530
• guild – organization of individuals in the same
business or occupation working to improve the
economic and social conditions of its members
– protected and taught trades like tanning, carpentry,
masonry, etc.
– set standards and prices
– decided who could join a trade
– guaranteed quality work
– apprentice (around 10 years of age), journeyman (by 17
or 18), master (produce a masterpiece and be accepted
by the guild)
What Was City Life Like? – page 530
• dirty, smelly, polluted, cramped, crowded, noisy,
fire-prone
Kingdoms and Crusades
Chapter 15, Section 3, page 535
England in the Middle Ages – page 535
• Alfred the Great – united the Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms and drove away Vikings
• William the Conqueror – Duke of Normandy;
claimed English throne and won it after the
Battle of Hastings
– French language
– merger of customs
Henry II and the Common Law – page 537
• Henry II (r. 1154 – 1189)
– circuit judges
– established common law – law
that is the same throughout the
kingdom
– established the jury system
• grand jury – decides if a person
can be accused of crime
• trial jury – decides if the person
is guilty or innocent
What Was the Magna Carta? – page 537
• Magna Carta (A.D. 1215)
– “Great Charter”
– King John vs. the nobles
– limits on the right of the king to collect taxes
– trials by peers for freemen
– statement of rights and duties of king and vassals
– summary: established the idea that people have
rights and that the power of the government should
be limited
• Edward I and the English Parliament
The Kingdom of France – page 538
• Hugh Capet and the Capetian dynasty
• Philip II – strengthened king’s position
• Philip IV – met with the first Estates-General –
France’s first parliament
– first estate – clergy
– second estate – nobles
– third estate – everyone else
Eastern Europe and Russia – page 539
•
•
•
•
the Rus – Slavic name for Viking rulers
Kiev – center of the Kievian Rus
trouble with the Mongols
Ivan III takes title of czar
The Crusades – page 541
• 1071 – Muslim Turks take control of Asia minor;
Byzantines defeated
• 1095 – Pope Urban II calls for a crusade (holy war)
to drive out the Muslims and reclaim the Holy Land
• First Crusade – drove Muslims from Jerusalem
• Second Crusade – utter failure
• Third Crusade – Fredrick Barbarossa, Philip II,
Richard I vs. Saladin
• Fourth Crusade – wrong reasons
• others
The Crusades – page 541
The Crusades – page 541
• summary:
– Crusades = Catholics vs.
Muslim Turks
– effects: increased trade,
helped to breakdown
feudalism, reduced power
of nobles/increased
power of kings, weakened
power of pope, weakened
Byzantine Empire,
damaged
Christian/Muslim
relations
The Church and Society
Chapter 15, Section 4, page 544
Religion and Society – page 545
• growth of monasteries means growth of the
Church’s power base
– A.D. 900s witnessed 157 new monasteries, 326 in the
11th century, 702 in the 12th century
– In England, by the 1200s, nearly one of every 50 adult
males was a monk.
• new religious orders: Cluniac order, Cistercian order
• Hildegard of Bingen – headed a convent in
Germany and composed Church music
Religion and Society – page 546
• friars – monks who go out into the
world to preach
• Francis of Assisi – founder of the
first order of friars who helped
the poor and served as
missionaries
– Franciscan monks
• Dominic de Guzmán – founded
Dominican order who defended the
Church’s teachings
The Role of Religion – page 546
• Church is important
– recorded births, deaths
– conducted weddings
– ran schools
– mass – Catholic worship service
– sacraments
• Baptism, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage,
Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick
– saints
– relics
What Was the Inquisition? – page 547
• Church tried to put an end to heresy – religious
beliefs that conflict with Church teachings
• friars try
• 1233 – pope established the Inquisition, a church
court, to root out heretics
• methods of the Inquisition
How Were Jews Treated? – page 547
• anti-Semitism – hatred of Jews
– Why?
• refused to accept Christianity
• careers
• scapegoats
– manifestations – mobs, special clothing, restrictions on
clothing, murder
– effects – Jewish expulsion
Medieval Culture – page 549
• Architecture
– Romanesque style – rectangular, long, rounded roofs,
huge pillars and thick walls
– Gothic style – ribbed vaults and pointed arches
instead of rounded barrel vaults, flying buttresses,
stained glass
The First Universities – page 550
• grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music,
astronomy
• doctor’s degree in law, medicine, and theology –
the study of religion and God
• Thomas Aquinas – scholasticism’s greatest
champion, combined teachings of Aristotle with
those of the Church
– Summa Theologica
– “natural law”