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Chapter 9
• “Emerging Europe & the
Byzantine Empire 400 - 1300
Section 1: Transforming the
Roman World
Targets
• Characterize the new European
civilization formed by the
Germanic peoples, the legacy of
the Romans and the Church.
• Discuss how Charlemagne
expanded the Frankish kingdom
and created the Carolingian
Empire.
I. The New Germanic
Kingdoms
• Visigoths, occupied Spain and
Italy until the Ostrogoths,
another Germanic tribe, took
control of Italy in the 5th century.
• By 500 Western Roman Empire was
replaced by states ruled by German
kings.
I. The New Germanic
Kingdoms
• Angles and Saxons, Germanic
tribes from Denmark and
northern Germany, moved in
and settled in Britain.
• Eventually, these peoples
became the Anglo-Saxons
A. The Kingdom of the Franks
• The Frankish kingdom was
established by Clovis, a
strong military leader around
500 became the first
Germanic ruler to convert to
Christianity.
A. The Kingdom of the Franks
• By 510, Clovis had established
a powerful new Frankish
kingdom that stretched from
the Pyrenees in the southwest
to German lands in the east
(modern day France and
western Germany)
B. Germanic Society
• Crucial social bond among the
Germanic people was the family,
especially the extended family
• The extended family worked the
land together and passed it down
to future generations
• Also provided protection
B. Germanic Society
• Crime and Punishment
• Wergild - “money for a man”, the
value of a person in money,
depending on social status; in
Germanic society, a fine paid by a
wrongdoer to the family of the
person he or she had injured or
killed (pg. 287)
B. Germanic Society
• Crime and Punishment
• Ordeal - a means of determining
guilt in Germanic law, based on the
idea of divine intervention: if the
accused person was unharmed
after a physical trial, he or she was
presumed innocent (pg. 287)
Ordeal
II. The Role of the Church
• As the official Roman state fell
apart, the Church played an
increasingly important role in the
growth of the new European
civilization.
A. Organization of the Church
• Bishopric - a group of
Christian communities, or
parishes, under the authority of
a bishop
• Under the direction of an
archbishop
A. Organization of the Church
• Peter, who was considered the
chief apostle and the first bishop of
Rome.
• Popes - the bishop of Rome &
head of the Roman Catholic Church
(pg. 287)
A. Organization of the Church
• Gregory I, 1) strengthened the
power of the papacy (office of the
pope), 2) served as leader of the
city of Rome and its surrounding
territories (Papal states) 3) he
increased his spiritual authority
over the church in the west, 4)
active in converting non-Christian
people of Germanic Europe to
Christianity
B. The Monks & Their Missions
• Monk - a man who separates
himself from ordinary human
society in order to dedicate
himself to God; monks live in
monasteries headed by abbots
B. The Monks & Their Missions
• Monasticism – the practice of
living life of a monk
• Monasticism was based on the
model of the hermit who pursues
an isolated spiritual life
• Emphasis on prayer and manual
labor
The Monks & Their Missions
• Saint Benedict founded a
community of monks for which he
wrote a set of rules
• “Ate, worked, slept and worshiped”
• Monasteries became center of
learning.
The Monks & Their Missions
• Missionaries – people sent out to
carry a religious message – who
understood the conversion of nonChristian peoples
The Monks & Their Missions
• Nuns, female monks who began to
withdraw from the world
• Nuns lived in convents headed by
abbesses. Many of the abbesses
belonged to royal houses.
• Responsible for giving learning an
important role in the life of the
monastery
III. Charlemagne & the
Carolingians
• During the 600’s and 700’s, the
kings of the Frankish kingdom
gradually lost their power to the
Mayors of the palace, who
were the chief officers of the
king’s household
III. Charlemagne & the
Carolingians
• One of these mayors, Pepin, son
of Charles Martel, the leader who
defeated the Muslims at the Battle
of Tours in 732.
• Took the logical step of assuming
the kingship of the Frankish state
for himself and his family
III. Charlemagne & the
Carolingians
• Charlemagne, or Charles the
Great
• A dynamic and powerful king
• Highly intelligent and curious,
fierce warrior, strong statesman
and a pious Christian
• Wise patron of learning
A. The Carolingian Empire
• Charlemagne, Frankish
King from 768 to 814
• Established the Carolingian
Empire (Frankish Kingdom)
B. Charlemagne as Roman
Emperor
• In 800, Charlemagne became
emperor of the Romans.
• Demonstrated the strength of the
idea of an enduring Roman Empire.
• The coronation also symbolized the
coming together of Roman,
Christian and Germanic elements.
The Crowning of Charlemagne
C. An Intellectual Renewal
• Carolingian Renaissance, or rebirth
• The revival involved renewed
interest in Latin culture, and
classical works of the Greeks and
Romans
• Monasteries est. scriptoria, or
writing rooms, where monks copied
the bible, & Latin classical authors
C. An Intellectual Renewal
• Their work was a crucial factor
in the preservation of the
ancient legacy
Pepin the Short
Charles Martel
Many rulers had the
same name, so an
adjective such as
“bald,” or “short” could
help people identify
them; sometimes
numbers were used.
Section 2: Feudalism
Objectives
• Discuss the Vikings, Magyar and
Muslim invasions of Europe
th
th
during the 9 and 10 centuries.
• Summarize how the collapse of
central authority in the European
world led to a new political
system known as feudalism.
I. Invaders
• 1. Muslims, attacked the southern
coast of Europe and sent raiding
parties into southern France
• 2. Magyars, people from western
Asia, moved into central Europe at
end of the ninth century, settled on
the plains of Hungary, and
invaded western Europe.
I. Invaders
• 3. Vikings, Northmen or
Norsemen of Scandinavia
• Germanic people, warriors
• Loved adventure, spoils of war and
new avenues of trade
• Sacked villages, and towns,
destroyed churches, and easily
defeated small local armies.
I. Invaders
• Beginning in 911, the ruler of the
west Frankish lands gave one band
of Vikings land at the mouth of the
Seine River forming a section of
France that came to be known as
Normandy.
II. The Development of
Feudalism
• Feudalism – political and social
system that developed during the
Middle Ages, when royal
governments were no longer able
to defend their subjects; nobles
offered protection and land in
return for service.
A. Knights & Vassals
• Warriors swore an oath of
loyalty to their leaders and
fought for them, the leaders, in
turn, took care of the warriors’
needs.
• Vassal – a man who served a
lord in a military capacity.
A. Knights & Vassals
• Knights – a member of the
heavily armored cavalry.
• They wielded long lances that
enabled them to act as battering
rams (the stirrups kept them on
their horses)
The Castles of the Aristocrats
The growth of the European
nobility in the High Middle Ages
(1000 to 1300) was made
visible by a growing number of
castles scattered across the
landscape. Castles varied
considerably but possessed two
common features: they were
permanent residences for the
noble family, its retainers, and
servants, and they were
defensible fortifications.
A. Knights & Vassals
• When the these lords wanted me
to fight for them, they granted
each vassal a piece of land that
supported the vassal and his family.
• Where there was little trade and
wealth was based primarily on
land, land was the most important
gift a lord could give to a vassal.
B. The Feudal Contract
• Fief – a grant of land made to a
vassal; the vassal held political
authority within his fief.
B. The Feudal Contract
• Feudal contract – the
unwritten rules that determined
the relationship between a lord
and his vassal.
• Military service, give advice to
the lord, making financial
payments to the lord.
III. The Nobility of the Middle
Ages
• Kings, dukes, counts, barons,
even bishops and archbishops
formed an aristocracy, or
nobility
• Tournaments – contests
where knights could show their
fighting skills (joust)
III. The Nobility of the Middle
Ages
• chivalry – code of ethics that
knights were suppose to
uphold.
• Fight only for glory and not for
material rewards, an ideal that
was not always followed.
IV. Aristocratic Women
• When the lord was away at war
or court, the lady of the castle
had to manage the estate
• Cared for the financial accounts
• Responsible for overseeing the
food supply
IV. Aristocratic Women
• Eleanor of Aquitaine, married
King Louis VII of France
• Marriage was annulled, then
married King Henry II of England
• Had eight children, Richard & John
became kings of England
Section 3:
The Growth of European
Kingdoms
Objectives
• Describe how European
monarchs began to extend their
power and build strong states
during the High Middle Ages.
• Identify the three distinct groups
formed by the Slavic peoples
and locate where they settled in
eastern Europe.
I. England in the High Middle
Ages
A. The Norman Conquest
*1066, William of Normandy landed on
the coast of England and soundly
defeated King Harold and his foot
soldiers at the Battle of Hastings.
Merged Anglo-Saxon and French into a
new English culture.
The Normans also took over existing
Anglo-Saxon institutions, such as the
office of sheriff.
B. Henry II
– 1154 to 1189 Henry II, English
monarch
– Henry increased the number of
criminal cases tried in the king’s
court & devised means for taking
property cases from local courts
– *Common law- a law that the
whole kingdom began to replace law
codes that varied from place to
place.
B. Henry II
– *Thomas a’ Becket was an
archbishop of Canterbury and the
highest ranking English cleric,
claimed that only Roman Catholic
Church courts could try clerics.
– Henry publicly expressed the desire
to be ride of Becket
– Four knights murdered the
archbishop in the cathedral
Maps and
Charts 4
C. The Magna Carta & the First
Parliament
– *King John of England was
forced to sign the Magna Carta
– the Magna Carta was, above all,
a feudal document that
*strengthened the idea that a
monarch’s power was limited,
not absolute
C. The Magna Carta & the First
Parliament
– In the thirteenth century, during the
reign of *Edward I, an important
institution in the development of
representative government-the
English Parliament-also emerged.
– House of Lords & House of
Commons
II. The French Kingdom
• The Capetian dynasty was made
up of French kings
• Philip II Augustus, waged war
against the rulers of England
• Expanded the income of the
French monarchy and greatly
increased its powers
II. The French Kingdom
• Louis IX, saintly
• Philip IV, expanded the royal
bureaucracy
• The three *estates, or classes the clergy, (first estate), the nobles
(second estate), the townspeople,
and the peasants (third estate).
III. The Holy Roman Empire
• The Frankish kingdom which came
to be known as Germany
• Otto I best known Saxon king of
Germany
• Crowned emperor of the Romans
in 962
Maps and
Charts 4
A. Struggles in Italy
• German kings (Fredrick I & II)
attempted to rule both German and
Italian lands
• German kings were opposed by the
pope
• Northern Italy, were also unwilling to
become his subjects
• Won many battles, but ultimately
losing the war
B. Effect on the Empire
• German emperors left Germany in the
hands of powerful German lords
• German monarchy is weak and
incapable of maintaining a strong
monarchial state
• German Holy Roman Emperor had no
real power
• Germany and Italy consisted of many
small independent states
IV. Central & Eastern Europe
• Three major groups: the
western, southern and eastern
Slavs
• Western Slavs – Poles, Czechs
and Slovaks
• Southern Slavs – Slovenes,
Croats, and Serbs
IV. Central & Eastern Europe
• Eastern Slavs - Moravia
V. The Development of Russia
• Eastern Slavic peoples had settled in
the territory of present-day Ukraine
and Russia.
• Vikings moved into their lands and
eventually came to dominate the
native people
• Vikings called the Rus, from which the
name Russia is derived
A. Kievan Rus
• Viking leader, Oleg, settled in
Kiev and created the Rus state
• Viking ruling class was gradually
assimilated into the Slavic
population
• Eastern Orthodox Christianity
became the religion of the state
Examine the map
below showing the
expansion of
Moscow from 1300
to 1462 and
answer the
following
questions.
B. Mongol Rule
• In the 13th century, the Mongols
conquered Russia
• Forced Russian princes to pay
tribute to them
• Alexander Nevsky, prince of
Novgorod became the grand prince
• His successors became the eventual
leaders of Russia
Section 4:
The Byzantine Empire & the
Crusades
Objectives
• Examine the unique civilization
of the Byzantine Empire in the
Eastern Mediterranean.
• Discuss how the Crusades
affected medieval society in both
the East and the West.
I. The Reign of Justinian
• Justinian became the emperor of
the Eastern Roman Empire in 527
• The eastern roman empire had
inherited a vast quantity of legal
materials, which Justinian wished
to simplify.
I. The Reign of Justinian
• Justinian’s most important
contribution was his codification of
Roman law
• The Body of Civil Law
• This code of roman laws was the
basis of imperial law in the eastern
Roman Empire until it ends in
1453.
II. From Eastern Roman Empire to
Byzantine Empire
• Serious problems:
• To much territory to protect far
from Constantinople
• an empty treasury
• a decline in population after plague
• renewed threats to its frontiers
• the most serious challenge came
from the rise of Islam
II. From Eastern Roman Empire to
Byzantine Empire
• Greek and Christian state
• Eastern Orthodox Church
• Emperor, considered absolute
• Patriarch –the head of the Eastern
Orthodox Church, originally
appointed by the Byzantine
emperor.
III. Life in Constantinople
• Constantinople was the largest
city in Europe during the Middle
Ages
A. Trade
• Constantinople was the greatest
center of commerce
• Chief center for the exchange of
products between West and East
• Silk, spices, jewelry, ivory,
wheat, furs
B. Building
• Justinian’s program of rebuilding
in the 6th century
• Immense palace complex,
hundreds of churches, huge
arena (Hippodrome)
• Roads, bridges, walls, public
baths, law courts, schools
B. Building
• His greatest achievement was
the famous Hagia Sophia – the
Church of Holy Wisdom –
completed in 537
• Hagia Sophia
http://www.matthoefer.net/fotos/Reisen/Istanbul/slides/Istanbul.20040920.000701.php
IV. New Heights & New Problems
• The Byzantine Emperors known
as the Macedonians,
emperors expanded the empire
and fostered a burst of
economic growth
IV. New Heights & New Problems
• Growing split between the Eastern
Orthodox Church and the Catholic
Church
• Schism- or separation, between
the two great branches of
Christianity that has not been
completely healed to this day.
IV. New Heights & New Problems
• Greatest challenge came from
the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)
who moved into Asia Minor
V. The Crusades
• Crusades - military expedition
carried out by European Christians
in the middle ages to regain the
holy land from the Muslims
• Infidels - an unbeliever, a term
applied to the Muslims during the
Crusades
V. The Crusades
• Knights motivated by 1. religious
fervor, some sought 2. adventure and
welcomed the chance to pursue their
favorite pastime fighting
• Others saw an opportunity to gain 3.
territory, riches and a possible 4. title
• Merchants sought new trading
opportunities
A. The Early Crusades
• The first crusade captured the holy
city of Jerusalem in 1099
• By 1140 the Muslims had struck
back
• The second crusade was a total
failure
• 1187, the Holy City fell to Muslim
forces under Saladin
Maps and
Charts 4b
A. The Early Crusades
• The Third Crusade involved
Emperor Frederick of Germany,
Richard I of England and Philip II
Augustus of France
• The third crusade permitted
Christian pilgrims free access to
Jerusalem
B. The Later Crusades
• The fourth Crusade was initiated
by Pope Innocent II
• The fourth crusade didn’t make it
to the holy land
• The crusaders sack the city of
Constantinople in 1204
• 1212, Children's Crusade
B. The Later Crusades
• The Byzantine Empire was finally
conquered by the Ottoman
Turks (Muslims) in 1453
B. The Later Crusades
• Effect on European Civilization
- Benefited Italian port cities
• Unfortunate side effects widespread attacks on Jews
• Greatest Impact - Helped break
down feudalism
Chapter Summary
Europe and the Byzantine Empire changed and
developed in many ways during the Middle Ages.
the Bosporus strait
the Dardanelles strait
spices and jewelry