Download Changes in Medieval Europe

SSWH7b, c, d
SSWH5e
I. Agriculture increased
A. Improvements in tools…heavier plow and collar
harnesses allowed farmers to use horses instead
of oxen – horses faster
B. The three field system - use 2/3 field = land more
productive = more food produced
1. More food = Population increased and people
begin to move to cities
II. Guilds = specialized labor
A. Members of Guild in same occupation
B. Regulated economic life; similar to
local monopoly
1. Set standards, price, age
2. all members of competing guilds lived next to
each other to keep competition keen
3. limited trade with foreigners
The increase in trade and surplus
population due to improved farming
brought about a rise in towns.
III. Commercial Revolution
A. Merchant class develops
1. peddlers often did well – became merchants
2. textiles became international item
3. Serfs left manor – lived in town one year and
one day became free
4. bourgeoisie class develops (middle class)
B. Business and banking develop due to trade btwn Asia
and Europe
1. barter impractical
2. Non-Europeans would only accept money
3. money-economy developed
a. led to moneychangers
b. moneychangers usually Jewish or Italian
4. further served to bring about the decline of
feudalism
C. Led to growth of towns and
cities
1. little to no sanitation
2. houses usually crowded
a. all members of aristocratic families
slept in one room
b. middle and lower classes slept in ONE
bed, if they had one
3. hygiene very low
D. Universities
1. developed in Islamic countries
2. books copies by hand=very expensive… students
studied notes… didn’t have books
3. students were male
4. Literature in vernacular
IV. Bubonic Plague mid-1300s CE
A. Attacked regions of China in 1331
B. Advances in shipbuilding =
1. merchant ships sail year round = disease spread
2. fleas on rats, rats on ships
C. Plague lived in blood stream of an animal or
stomach of flea
D. Medieval people had no rational explanation for
plague or effective medical treatment
E. Filthy conditions and overcrowded conditions in
cities accelerated growth of plague
1. about 1/3 of city populations died from 1348-50
2. less in rural areas
It was from a time of plague, that the nursery rhyme "Ring Around the
Rosy" derives: the rose-colored "ring" being an early sign that a blotch was
about to appear on the skin; "a pocket full of posies" being a device to ward
off stench and (it was hoped) the attendant infection; "ashes, ashes" being a
reference to "ashes to ashes, dust to dust" or perhaps to the sneezing "achoo, a-choo" that afflicted those in whom the infection had invaded the
lungs and ending, inevitably, in "all fall down."
Week beginning June 6th: 43 deaths
Week beginning June 13th: 112 deaths
Week beginning June 20th: 168 deaths
Week beginning June 27th: 267 deaths
Week beginning July 4th: 470 deaths
Week beginning July 11th: 715 deaths
Week beginning July 18th: 1089 deaths
Week beginning July 25th: 1843 deaths
Week beginning Aug 1st: 2010 deaths
Week beginning Aug 8th: 3880 deaths
Week beginning Aug 15th: no record
Week beginning Aug 22nd: 4237 deaths
Week beginning Aug 29th: 6102 deaths
Week beginning Sept 5th: 6978 deaths
Week beginning Sept 12th: 6544 deaths
Week beginning Sept 19th: 7165 deaths
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Sept 26th: 5532 deaths
Oct 3rd: 4929 deaths
Oct 10th 4327 deaths
Oct 17th: 2665 deaths
Oct 24th: 1421 deaths
Oct 31st: 1031 deaths
Nov 7th: 1414 deaths
Nov 14th: 1050 deaths
Nov 21st: 657 deaths
Nov 28th: 333 deaths
Dec 5th: 210 deaths
Dec 12th: 243 deaths
Dec 19th: 281 deaths
Dec 26th: 152 deaths
Playing cards
Jokers – represent infection with the Black Death. Say your prayers!
Hearts – represent happiness and well-being derived from meeting with and talking with others. All players can
benefit from hearts.
Spades  – represent honor and status. Nobles are especially interested in increasing their honor and status.
Diamonds  – represent wealth. Merchants are especially interested in increasing their wealth.
Clubs – represent food. Peasants are especially interested in increasing their supply of food.
Roles
Peasant – Peasant farmers always have to worry about the next meal. Players who are peasants should focus on
collecting food (clubs) in order to establish a stable food supply.
Merchant – Merchants engage in trade for profit. Players who are merchants should focus on collecting money
(diamonds).
Nobles – Noblemen and noblewomen constantly try to increase their status and honor. Players who are noble
should focus on collecting prestige (spades).
Scoring
Hearts (happiness) are always worth the face value of the card (ace worth 1, face cards 10).
The cards in a player’s role suit score their face value plus bonus points:
Pair: 10 points
Three-of-a-kind: 30 points
Four of a kind: 80 points
3 card straight (any 3 in order 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, Ace): 20 points
4 card straight: (any 4 in order 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, Ace): 40 points
5 card straight: (any 5 in order 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, Ace): 60 points
All cards that are neither hearts nor in a player’s role suit are worth 1 point each.
Chapter 14.1:
The Crusades
Overview of the Crusades (comes from word cross)
•Between 1096 & 1270 at least eight official campaigns.
•Goal = release Holy Land & Jerusalem from the infidels (Muslim Arabs or Turks)
•Crusades helped speed up changes in Europe and open it up to new ideas
•Mediterranean trading cities grow
•Improved European technology
•Greater contact between Europe, Byzantine, and Muslim civilizations
•An expression of European religious zeal
I. The 1st Crusade = only successful Crusade
A. 1096 - called by Pope Urban II
1. Holy Land under Muslim control
2. pilgrimages to Holy Land dangerous
B. Many to benefit
1. chance for foreign travel and excitement
2. younger sons a chance to acquire fiefs in Middle
East
3. Peasants released from feudal
bonds while on Crusade
4. Peasants could fight to show their love for
God
5. Immediate salvation to crusaders
who died in battle
C. Results
1. Jerusalem captured from Muslims in 1099
2. Most of the Jewish & Muslim inhabitants
massacred
3. Hatred of non-Christians heightened; persecution
of Jews increased
4. authority of Church reinforced
II. The 2nd Crusade
A. 1144 crusader state of Edessa was
re-conquered by Muslims
B. 1187 Jerusalem fell again to Muslims
1. Saladin Muslim leader
III. 3rd Crusade = “Crusade of Kings”
A. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa of Germany, King Philip
Augustus of France, and King Richard I
(the Lion Hearted) led crusaders
1. Barbarossa died on the way, Philip
went home, so Richard led to battle
2. Richard and warriors not successful
3. Saladin believed Jerusalem more
precious to Muslims
B. Truce signed
1. Jerusalem would remain in
Muslim hands, but Christian
pilgrims would have access
IV. Reconquista
A. Spain’s effort to force Muslims from Spain
began in 1100s - ended in 1492 under reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella
V. The Inquisition
A. Spanish attempt to unify Spain
under Christianity
B. Practicing Jews and Muslims were
expelled from Spain in 1492
C. Those who were suspected of not being Christian
were often tortured and/or burned at the stake
VI. Effects of the Crusades
A. Weakened power of Pope
B. Weakened power of nobility and feudal system
C. Strengthened power of kings
D. Luxuries from East encouraged trade
E. Superior ideas in art, philosophy, medicine, and
mathematics introduced to Europe by Muslims
F. Muslims become more united against common
enemy – hostility continues to this day between
Muslims and Christians
Major Events of late Middle Ages
FAMINE
• Crops fail
• People starve
BLACK DEATH
• Bubonic plague
spreads from Asia
to Europe by way
of fleas on rats on
trading ships
• Sanitation in
cities primitive…
ideal for spread of
disease – one in
three people die;
society and
economy fall
apart
PROBLEMS IN
THE CHURCH
• People resent rich
clergy
• Church cannot
comfort people
during the plague
• Reformers
demand change
• Reformers choose
their own pope
HUNDRED
YEARS’ WAR
• English king
wants to be king
of France
• Both England and
France want
French land
• They fight for
more than 100
years
• Joan of Arc leads
French to
victories before
being captured
and executed by
English… she
saves French
monarchy
• France defeats
England
• War hastened end
of feudalism
Changes in Medieval Society
1000-1100
Growth of
towns and
trade leads to
the
appearance
of new class
called
burghers or
bourgeoisie=
wealthy town
dwellers
1100s
Workers
form guilds
that control
wages and
prices in
each craft.
Burghers
win right to
govern
towns and
exemption
from feudal
obligations
to local
lords
1213-1295
In England, the
Magna Carta
guarantees basic
political rights.
Burghers and
knights serve in
the model
parliament.
Later the two
groups form a
separate
assembly called
the House of
Commons
1302
In France,
commoners
become
known as the
Third Estate.
Their
participation in
a council
called the
EstatesGeneral helps
increase the
power of the
king over the
nobility
1300-1400s
During the 100
Years’ War between
France and
England, the use of
longbows and
cannons reduces the
military
effectiveness of
armored knights in
combat. Local
lords begin to lose
political power to
the monarchy.
After 100 Year War,
English and French
monarchs call upon
the Parliament and
the Estates-General
to help them rule
Europe in the Middle Ages
Economics
Politics/Government
• Better farming
methods = increased
food production
• Trade expanded
• Guilds formed for
both merchants and
artisans
• England and France
develop strong
central governments
• Parliament and the
Estates-General
bring representation
to commoners
• The 100 Years’ War
further weakened
feudal power
Religion
• Kings and popes
engaged in power
struggles
• The Great Schism
weakened the
Church
• The First Crusade
freed Jerusalem
from Muslim
control
• Later Crusades
accomplished little
Society
• Population
increased in the
Middle Ages
• The bubonic plague
killed millions and
weakened the
manorial economy
• Europe’s first
universities
developed