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Age of the Christian
Roman Empire III
Augustine, East V. West, and
the Rise of Papal Theology
Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus
St. Jerome 340-420
• Scholar, Monk and Theologian
• An ascetic who punished himself with
grammar
• Promoted/Inspired Scholastic
Monasticism
• Had a vision declaring him a Ciceronian,
resulting in his giving up of the Classics
• Traveled often between the E. and W.
Empire
St. Jerome 340-420
• Led a Monastery in Bethlehem where he
spent many years studying and
translating
• Inspired a group of women to become
severe ascetics including one of his
patrons St. Paula
• Passionate even to an overzealous degree
• Wrote Prolifically, but his life’s work and
greatest achievement was the Latin
Vulgate translation of the bible
• The Vulgate became the standard for the
Aurelius Augustinus
St. Augustine 354-430
• Born to a Pagan father and a
Christian Mother
• Became a Manichee for ~10 years
• Saved Later in life
• Preeminent Scholar and Theologian
• Post conversion gave up career as
Rhetorician/government official
St. Augustine 354-430
• An active apologist and theologian
• Lived simply with monastic tendencies
• Appointed against his will as Bishop of
Hippo
• Wrote many works
– Confessions, City of God, Retractions,
The Letters, Questions and Responses,
Many various Religious-ApologeticPolemic works
Papacy in the West
• Autocratic
• Authoritarian and very very Roman
• One Bishop over all, THE Pope, just
as one Emperor over all the people
• Primacy of Rome as descendant
from Peter
– (though descent from Peter and
equality with Paul are all debated
issues)
Papacy in the West
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Imperialistic Theology
Absolute Monarchy desired
Little to no shifts in Theology
Rigid Orthodoxy
Jerome’s Vulgate provided a stable
and fairly accurate source for
scripture
• Post barbarian conversion was
relatively free from political strife
Rise of the Papacy
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•
•
•
Rome was always honored
Rome kept interfering
‘Cause they said so
Gained political influence over the
Emperor -> greater influence over the
people
• ‘Cause they said so
Pope Leo I 440-461
• Leo The Great
• Powerful Theologian
• Firmly believed he was the successor
of Peter, and Peter was the ruler of
the Church
• Peter died in Rome therefore his
spiritual power remained with Rome
• Emphatically spoke of his authority
Pope Leo I 440-461
• Not with the Pope = not part of the church
= not part of Christianity = not saved
• The concept of the all powerful Pope was
not immediately or universally accepted
• Obtained an edict from Western emperor
Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have
the force of Law, and all bishops should
obey them
• Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first
large collection of works left to us by a
Roman Bishop
Pope Leo I 440-461
• Saved Rome from being destroyed
twice
• 452 AD from Attila the Hun
• 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged
for 14 days, but didn’t burn and
murder
Clovis King of the Franks
• Barbarian chieftain of the Frankish
people
• Converted, through the influence (or
nagging) of his wife Clotild as well as
a Constantine like conversion
experience before the battle of Tolbiac
• Began the conversion of barbarians
and heretics through missionary and
axe work.
• He became the model for all Christian
Monks, Monkery, and
Monasticism
Started by St. Antony in mid 3rd century
•
• Emphasis on celibacy, asceticism, and
purity
• Desired separation from the world in order
to obtain purity
• Came up with some crazy ideas like Simon
Stylitus
• Systematized by Benedict in the early 6th
century.
• Became a punishment used to eliminate
heirs to the throne without killing them
St. Antony 250-357
• Became a monk at age 20
• Was inspired by the words of Mt. 19:2122
• Sold his goods, gave much away, took
care of his sister and ran away to a
tomb
• Tomb got crowded so he started a
monastery in the mountains
St. Antony 250-357
• Fought with the Devil in many
times and ways
• Desired to be a martyr
• Performed many miracles
• Uneducated, but wise
• Debated with Pagans
St. Benedict
• Father of modern monasticism
• Monk at age 15
• “Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely
unlearned”
• Performed many miracles
• Formed many small monasteries with 12
monks and one abbot
• Lived out of the world to save the world
• Wrote out the Regula Benedicti “Rule of
Benedict”
Rule of Benedict
• Democratic government, Abbot-provostdeans
• 1 year trial for initiates
• “Ora et Labora” Prayer & Manual Labor
• Threefold vow
– Stabilitas – adherence to the monastic order
– Conversio Morum – poverty, chastity, piety
– Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus –
Absolute obedience to the Abbot – the cardinal
virtue of the monk.
• Preserved many classics through libraries
Gregory The Great 540-604
• Born into a wealthy family
• Well educated
• Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his
belongings and built a St. Andrews
monastery where he became a Benedictine
monk
• Later became ambassador to
Constantinople, then Abbot of St. Andrews
• He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of
Rome, and initiated a march against the
Plague which ended miraculously.
Gregory The Great 540-604
• Becomes pope in 590
• Takes over in Rome due to the
emperor being absent, even in
military affairs
• Defended the city from a Lombard
invasion.
• Humbly enforced the Roman
supremacy over all other churches.
Gregory The Great 540-604
• Believed in both the Supremacy of
Peter and there being no one
universal bishop
• Doctor Ecclesia – Wrote Liber
pastoralis curae “book on the office
of Bishop” also wrote Dialogues
• Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant
• Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries
to the Anglo-Saxons ultimately
resulting in their conversion
The Middle Ages II
590-1517
Charlemagne and the rise of
Islam
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Charles + Magnus = charlesmagnus
=> Charlemagne
• Karl der Große –german
• Karel de Grote – dutch
• Carolus Magnus - latin
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Great Christian king of the
Franks
• Conquered much of the western
world, especially to protect the
bishop of Rome
• The “Moses of the middle ages”
• Powerful warrior – 53 military
campaigns
• Expanded his empire by 2x
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Strong and well built man
• He loved baths
• Great statesman- gave audiences while
getting dressed
• Intelligent and religious
• Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges,
and churches
• Recorded laws and German tradition
• Started schools – yay public education
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Interesting marriage life
• 5 wives in short order then settled
down with 4-5 concubines
• Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day,
then split up their families across the
empire.
• Rumored to have “loved” his daughters
a bit tooo much.
Charlemagne the Great 747814
• Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III
from an uprising
• He was “surprised” by being crowned
the Holy Roman Emperor in 800AD
• This begins the Holy Roman Empire the
combination between a German king
and an Italian Pope.
Mohammed 570-632
• Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous
signs accompanying
• Epileptic
• Goat herder and caravan attendant
• At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow
Kadija
• Remained Married for 25 years until
Kadija’s death, he then married at
least 11 other women
Mohammed 570-632
• Spent his time in meditation
• At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling
him to read
• Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially
ascribing it to demons, but was
reassured by his wife Kadija.
• Began writing the Qur’an (Koran) “leaf by
leaf” in a series of progressive
revelations
Mohammed 570-632
• 622 the Hegira(Mohammed’s flight from
Mecca to Medina) takes place
• Not having income, the Muslims become
warrior bandits.
• 624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud
• Massacred ~700 Jews and sold their
families into slavery
• 627-630 consolidation of power and the
conquest of Mecca
Mohammed 570-632
• After conquering Mecca he emptied
and rededicated the Ka’aba
• He consolidated rule of Arabia, then
sent out missionaries to convert the
world.
• He died in the arms of Aishah June 8,
632
Mohammed 570-632
• Generally patient and kind
• When provoked entirely pitiless
• After Kadija he became very much a
polygamist
– His favorite wife Aishah, he was betrothed
to her when she was 6 and consummated
the marriage when she was 9 (he was only
53)
– 8th wife Zaynab was his cousin and
daughter in law
• He gave women some rights (more than they
Islam
The Five (Six) Pillars of Islam
1. “There is no god but Allah, and
Mohammed is his prophet”
2. Praying 5 times a day towards
Mecca
3. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once
4. Giving alms for pious and
charitable Purposes
5. Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset
during Ramadan
6. (optional) Jihad
Reasons for the Spread of Islam
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fanaticism
Monotheistic
Corruption of the Byzantine Empire
Replacement of government only
Anti-icon
Better Generals
The Middle Ages III
590-1517
Papal Power and the
Crusades
Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory
VII
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Obscure background
Short in stature, strong in presence
Friend of Pope Gregory VI
Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX,
Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander
II
• Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085
• Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and
Investiture.
• Emphasized the absolute authority of the
Pope
Papal Powers
1. Excommunication – the cutting
off of one person from
communion and the church
=loss of salvation, no hope for
heaven unless forgiven by
Pope
2. Interdiction – A locational
and/or personal
excommunication.
3. World Authority – the power to
Church vs. State
Gregory VII v. Henry IV
• Henry denounces Gregory
• Gregory Excommunicates Henry
• Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the
Papal blessing
• 2 years go by
• Henry replaces Gregory with a new Pope
• Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry
• They war
• They die
The Crusades
• Primarily a French institution
• Armed Journeys to recapture the
Holy Land
• Carrying the cross
• Christian Pilgrimage
• Defeat of Islam
• Monetary and spiritual gain
• 7 great crusades 1095-1270
• Unite the Eastern and Western
The First Crusade 10951099
• Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a
call for help from Constantinople
• Inspired by Peter the Hermit
• The people looted and pillaged along the
way
• ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before
they reached their goal.
• Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not
just soldiers.
The First Crusade 10951099
• Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was
captured
• Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved
by finding the spear that pierced
Christ’s side.
• Jerusalem after a long siege was
captured, a great slaughter of Infidels,
Jews, and heretics ensued.
• Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187
The Third Crusade
• Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187
• Joint crusade between French, English, and
Belgish. Represented by Red, White, and
Green crosses. The Germans were there too
• Saladin Tax – everyone not crusading must
tithe
• Besieged Acre amidst harsh conditions,
won gained food, gold, and the true cross
• Slaughter of 2700 prisoners ensues.
• Ultimately gained Acre, as well as
Failures of the Crusades
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The holy land was not won
Islam was not permanently stopped
The East/West Schism was not healed
Lots and lots of people were killed
War atrocities
Indulgences
Benefits of the Crusades
1. Spiritual awakening in many
2. Class interaction
3. Knowledge expanded, geography,
customs etc.
4. Major increase in trade
The Middle Ages IV
590-1517
Late Middle Ages
Assisi, Captivity, Schism
and Inquisition
Frater Parvulus “little brother”
Il poverello “little poor man”
Giovanni (John) di Bernardone
renamed Francesco
A.K.A
St. Francis of Assisi
St. Francis of Assisi
• From a fairly well off family
• Served as a soldier
• Convicted by a leper and kissed his
hand
• Gave away all he had (his fathers
goods included)
• Kicked out of his family
• Ran away to serve the poor especially
the lepers
St. Francis of Assisi
• Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little
Portion”
• Heard the call to preach and did so
• Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and
Luke 9:1-6
• He was simple and loved animals
• Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and
was therefore anti-education as it
inspired pride
St. Francis of Assisi
• He attracted followers called the fratres
minores “the lesser brethren”
• Worked to earn food/lodging whenever
possible, when not they stayed where they
could.
• Extreme emphasis on living out the gospel
• Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig
mud
• Companion nunnery founded by Clara of
Sciffi
• Order taken over by papacy and Francis’
The Inquisition
• A quest for purity within the church
• Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church
is not thirsty for blood”
• Priests were not to order/attend
executions
• Pinnacle of mixing church and state
• Heretics are little foxes
• Dominican monks were the primary force
behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans
were involved as well
The Inquisition
• 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as
means of obtaining confession
• Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care
of souls instead focusing purely on
heretics
• They were given power to excommunicate,
lay interdict, and absolve acts of violence
• Punishments were seizure of property, life
imprisonment, and death
• Spies were paid out of seized goods
The Inquisition
• German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg
“the Lords watch-dog”
• Confessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth
• Deprived her of maidservants and
separated her from her three children
• Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing
ultimately resulting in her death
• Konrad freely burned “Luciferans”
• He was murdered in 1233, buried next to
Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian
The Papal Schism
• Gregory XI declares any election of pope
valid after his death, to forestall anti-popes
• After a mucky succession Urban VI
became pope in 1378
• He was a terrible politician and insulted
the Cardinals
• In response the Cardinals return to France
and elect Clement VII as pope
• This starts a war Clement VII is held out of
Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is
split
The Papal Schism
Roman Line
Avignon Line
Urban VI 1378-1389
Clement VII 13781394
Boniface IX 13891404
Benedict XII 13941409
Innocent VII 14041406
Pisan Line
Gregory XII 14061415
Alexander V 1409-1410
John XXIII 1410-1415
Martin V 1417-1431
The Papal Schism
• Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and
anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals
slain
• Clement VII was political and flexible. He
submitted to the French king and
attempted reconciliation by appointing
Urban lead Cardinal
• Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic
but not well educated. He gained complete
control of Italy. He was very much a
simonist and nepotist
• Innocent VII took over in Rome after
The Papal Schism
• Innocent VII continued listing Avignon
popes with heretics pirates and brigands.
• He was driven from Rome as his nephew
had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he
was later recalled as they didn’t like the
new ruler
• Gregory XII the last of the Roman
schismatic popes. Was chosen partially
because of his age, as older men have less
ambition.
The Papal Schism
• Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused
to back down or heal the Schism by
mutual abdication.
• The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was
weak and insane which minimalized his
influence
• Multiple councils were called with and
without papal consent, including The
Council of Pisa
• It started with 2 popes ended with 3
though the new pope Alexander V died
before reaching Rome
The Papal Schism
• Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as
pope
• Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of
Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418
• John says he will abdicate if the others do,
and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to
regain support in France
• Popes are declared fallible and subject to
Councils
• John is put on trial, Gregory resigns,
Benedict is deposed, though not gracefully
• Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the
Age of the Reformation
I
The Pre-Reformation
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
Errr…John
Wyclife
Wyclif, Wyclyf, Wyclyffe
Wiclif, Wiclef, Wicliff,
Wycleff, Whyteclyve, Wyclyve
+ about 10 more versions
John Wycliffe 13241384
• Morning Star of the Reformation
• Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford
and was master of Canterbury Hall
• 1366 with the kings blessing he began
rebuking Papal authority
• 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William
Courtenay and leaves under the
protection of the Duke of Lancaster
John Wycliffe 13241384
• Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison,
but dies the year after, and the Papal
Schism starts
• 1380 Wycliffe founds the “pore priests”
oxford graduates who go out preaching
many without ordination
• 1382 Courtenay becomes Archibishop of
Canterbury and holds the Earthquake
Synod
• 24 articles of Wycliffe’s were condemned
John Wycliffe 13241384
• Wycliffe loses King Richard II’s favor, is
kicked out of Oxford and all his books are
burned
• Wrote the Trialogus
• Denounced Indulgences as “an
abomination of desolation in the holy
place”
• Was summoned to Rome, but refused
saying he submits only to Christ’s
authority
John Wycliffe 13241384
• Finished his English paraphrase of the
bible based upon the Vulgate
• 1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor
paralysis
• 1384 has another stroke and dies in
church
• 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be
burned
• 1429 Council of Constance orders him
Exhumed and burned, scattering his
John Wycliffe 13241384
5 main themes in his teachings
1. The Nature of the Church
2. The Fallacy of the Papacy
3. The Priesthood
4. The Falsity of Transubstantiation
5. The Use of Scripture
John Wycliffe 13241384
The Nature of the Church
• A universal Church comprised of the Elect
• All those who believe in Christ belong,
regardless of their position with the RCC
• The Peoples’ head is Christ
• The concept of church vs. Church
John Wycliffe 13241384
The Fallacy of the Papacy
• totum papale officium venenosum
• “The Papal office is wholly poisonous”
• The Rock is Peter and all people
• Mocked the “most holie fadir”
John Wycliffe 13241384
The Priesthood
Priests Absolution was only meritorious if
they themselves were absolved
• Celibacy is good but sinful if mandatory
• No such thing as utilitarian sin
• Anti-friar
• “Fides est summa theologia” – Faith is the
entirety of theology
John Wycliffe 13241384
Falsity of Transubstantiation
• Communion was meant figuratively
• No transubstantiation without
transaccidentiation
• “Super omnia vincit veritas rationis”
• The truth of reason will triumph over all
John Wycliffe 13241384
The use of Scripture
• Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible
to Laymen
• Is the absolute authority
• It has one Literal meaning
• Must be accessable to ALL
John Huss 1369-1416
• John Jon Jan Hus Huss
• A.K.A. “The Goose”
• Lived in Bohemia, preached in Bethlehem
Chapel in Prag(ue)
• Was very wycliffean, following &
“borrowing” many of his teachings
• Crusade was called against Naples and
Indulgence sellers came to Prag
• Huss publically burned Papal Bulls
John Huss 1369-1416
• He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and
Exiled
• During exile he traveled around Bohemia
protected by various nobles
• Wrote De Ecclesia – mostly copied Wycliffe
• Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he
is a sinner
• Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe conduct
by Emperor Sigismund to the Council of
Constance
John Huss 1369-1416
• Huss is falsely charged with escaping and
imprisioned next to the latrines, becoming
sick
• He is transferred to the control of
Sigismund and imprisoned along with expope John XXIII
• The council declared the cup forbidden to
laity, Huss disagreed
• Is given a public kangaroo trial and
condemned
John Huss 1369-1416
• He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is
condemned to hell by the council
• He declares “and I commit myself to the
most gracious Lord Jesus”
• He was turned over to Sigismund in order
that he be executed
• May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the
while singing loud praise to God
Fullness of time for the
Reformation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Renaissance
Rise of Intellectualism
Printing Press
Immoral Papacy
Nationalism
Ages
• 3BC
Jesus and the
Apostles
• 70 AD catholic Christianity
• 312 AD Christian Roman
Empire
• 590 AD Middle Ages
• 1517 AD Reformation
• Jesus Born
• Temple
Destroyed
• Milvian Bridge
• Gregory I is
Pope
• ………..