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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece 16 Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 16.1: A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism ▪ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ ▪ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ ▪ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.2 1 mm (a) Fertilized eggs of a frog © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 mm (b) Newly hatched tadpole Figure 16.3 (a) Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg Unfertilized egg (b) Induction by nearby cells Early embryo (32 cells) Sperm Nucleus Fertilization Zygote (fertilized egg) Mitotic cell division Two-celled embryo © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Molecules of two different cytoplasmic determinants NUCLEUS Signal transduction pathway Signal receptor Signaling molecule (inducer) ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During Cellular Differentiation ▪ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ▪ ________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.4-1 Nucleus Master regulatory gene myoD Other muscle-specific genes DNA Embryonic precursor cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. OFF OFF Figure 16.4-2 Nucleus Master regulatory gene myoD Other muscle-specific genes DNA Embryonic precursor cell OFF OFF mRN A Myoblast (determined) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. OFF MyoD protein (transcription factor) Figure 16.4-3 Nucleus Master regulatory gene myoD Other muscle-specific genes DNA Embryonic precursor cell OFF OFF mRN A Myoblast (determined) OFF MyoD protein (transcription factor) mRN A MyoD Part of a muscle fiber (fully differentiated cell) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. mRN A Another transcription factor mRN mRN A A Myosin, other muscle proteins, and cell cycle– blocking proteins Apoptosis: A Type of Programmed Cell Death ▪ ________________ is the best-understood type of ________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.6 1 mm Interdigital tissue Cells undergoing apoptosis Space between digits © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Genetic Analysis of Early Development: Scientific Inquiry ▪ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ ___ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.8 Wild type Mutant Eye Leg Antenna © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Totipotent cells ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.11 Experimen t Results Frog egg cell Frog embryo UV Less differentiated cell Fully differentiated (intestinal) cell Donor nucleus transplanted Donor nucleus transplanted Enucleated egg cell Egg with donor nucleus activated to begin development Most develop into tadpoles. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Frog tadpole Most stop developing before tadpole stage. Figure 16.12 Technique Mammary cell donor 1 Egg cell donor 2 Nucleus removed Cultured mammary cells 3 Cells fused Cell cycle arrested, causing cells to dedifferentiate 4 Grown in culture Egg cell from ovary Nucleus from mammary cell Early embryo 5 Implanted in uterus of a third sheep Surrogate mother 6 Embryonic development Results © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Lamb (“Dolly”) genetically identical to mammary cell donor Figure 16.13 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Stem Cells of Animals ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.14 Stem cell Cell division Stem cell and Fat cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Precursor cell or Bone cells or White blood cells Figure 16.15 Embryonic stem cells Cells that can generate all embryonic cell types Adult stem cells Cells that generate a limited number of cell types Cultured stem cells Different culture conditions Liver cells Nerve cells Blood cells Different types of differentiated cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 16.3: Abnormal regulation of genes that affect the cell cycle can lead to cancer ▪ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Genes Associated with Cancer ▪ __________________________________________ ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.16 Proto-oncogene Translocation or transposition: gene moved to new locus, under new controls Proto-oncogene Proto-oncogene Gene amplification: multiple copies of the gene Point mutation: New Oncogene promoter Normal growthstimulating protein in excess © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Normal growthstimulating protein in excess within a control element within the gene Oncogene Oncogene Normal growthstimulating protein in excess Hyperactive or degradationresistant protein ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inherited Predisposition and Other Factors Contributing to Cancer ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ▪ __________________________________________ thus the risk of cancer can be lowered by minimizing exposure to agents that damage DNA, such as ultraviolet radiation and chemicals found in cigarette smoke ▪ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ by donating an oncogene to a cell, disrupting a tumor-suppressor gene, or converting a proto-oncogene into an oncogene © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.