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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece
16
Development,
Stem Cells,
and Cancer
Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concept 16.1: A program of differential gene
expression leads to the different cell types in a
multicellular organism
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.2
1
mm
(a) Fertilized eggs of a frog
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2
mm
(b) Newly hatched tadpole
Figure 16.3
(a) Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg
Unfertilized egg
(b) Induction by nearby
cells
Early embryo
(32 cells)
Sperm
Nucleus
Fertilization
Zygote
(fertilized
egg)
Mitotic
cell division
Two-celled
embryo
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Molecules of
two different
cytoplasmic
determinants
NUCLEUS
Signal
transduction
pathway
Signal
receptor
Signaling
molecule
(inducer)
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During
Cellular Differentiation
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Figure 16.4-1
Nucleus
Master regulatory
gene myoD
Other muscle-specific genes
DNA
Embryonic
precursor cell
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
OFF
OFF
Figure 16.4-2
Nucleus
Master regulatory
gene myoD
Other muscle-specific genes
DNA
Embryonic
precursor cell
OFF
OFF
mRN
A
Myoblast
(determined)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
OFF
MyoD protein
(transcription
factor)
Figure 16.4-3
Nucleus
Master regulatory
gene myoD
Other muscle-specific genes
DNA
Embryonic
precursor cell
OFF
OFF
mRN
A
Myoblast
(determined)
OFF
MyoD protein
(transcription
factor)
mRN
A
MyoD
Part of a muscle fiber
(fully differentiated cell)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
mRN
A
Another
transcription
factor
mRN
mRN
A
A
Myosin, other
muscle proteins,
and cell cycle–
blocking proteins
Apoptosis: A Type of Programmed Cell Death
▪ ________________ is the best-understood type of
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Figure 16.6
1 mm
Interdigital tissue
Cells undergoing apoptosis
Space between digits
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genetic Analysis of Early Development:
Scientific Inquiry
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Figure 16.8
Wild type
Mutant
Eye
Leg
Antenna
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Totipotent cells
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.11
Experimen
t
Results
Frog egg cell
Frog embryo
UV
Less differentiated cell
Fully differentiated
(intestinal) cell
Donor
nucleus
transplanted
Donor
nucleus
transplanted
Enucleated
egg cell
Egg with donor nucleus
activated to begin
development
Most develop
into tadpoles.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frog tadpole
Most stop developing
before tadpole stage.
Figure 16.12
Technique
Mammary
cell donor
1
Egg cell
donor
2
Nucleus
removed
Cultured
mammary
cells
3 Cells fused
Cell cycle
arrested,
causing cells to
dedifferentiate
4 Grown in culture
Egg cell
from ovary
Nucleus from
mammary cell
Early embryo
5
Implanted in uterus
of a third sheep
Surrogate
mother
6
Embryonic
development
Results
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Lamb (“Dolly”)
genetically identical to
mammary cell donor
Figure 16.13
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stem Cells of Animals
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.14
Stem cell
Cell
division
Stem cell
and
Fat cells
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Precursor cell
or
Bone
cells
or
White
blood cells
Figure 16.15
Embryonic
stem cells
Cells that can generate
all embryonic cell types
Adult
stem cells
Cells that generate a limited
number of cell types
Cultured
stem cells
Different
culture
conditions
Liver cells Nerve cells Blood cells
Different
types of
differentiated
cells
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Concept 16.3: Abnormal regulation of genes that
affect the cell cycle can lead to cancer
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Types of Genes Associated with Cancer
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Figure 16.16
Proto-oncogene
Translocation
or transposition:
gene moved to
new locus, under
new controls
Proto-oncogene
Proto-oncogene
Gene amplification:
multiple copies of
the gene
Point mutation:
New Oncogene
promoter
Normal growthstimulating protein
in excess
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Normal growthstimulating protein
in excess
within a control
element
within
the gene
Oncogene
Oncogene
Normal growthstimulating
protein in
excess
Hyperactive or
degradationresistant
protein
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Inherited Predisposition and Other Factors
Contributing to Cancer
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thus the risk of cancer can be lowered by minimizing
exposure to agents that damage DNA, such as
ultraviolet radiation and chemicals found in cigarette
smoke
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by donating an oncogene to a cell, disrupting a
tumor-suppressor gene, or converting
a proto-oncogene into an oncogene
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.