Download WEurope High Middle Ages

Life in the Middle Ages
500 C.E. to 1400 C.E.
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
1
Chapter 12
Transformation of the Roman World
The Lower Middle Ages
The Christian Church
Feudalism
Western Europe During the High Middle Ages
2
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Roman to German



Catholicism spreads into Europe through Clovis
(482-511) a Germanic King
Germans and Romans intermingle due to
transition of power to Germanic Kingdoms as the
Roman structures decline
Germans Kingdoms – not as enlightened as the
Romans

Example: Court systems vs. Wergeld (money for a
man) and The Ordeal
3
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Roman Catholic Church

Through Clovis and the Monastic Movement the
conversion of Europe to Catholicism began


Monastic Movement is the creation of the monk – give
up worldly trappings, chastity, poverty, and obedience
to God and Church
Great Catholic cities ruled by bishops or dioceses
were Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch

Currently – Italy, Israel, Egypt, and Turkey
4
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The European leadership of the
Catholic Church



The Bishop of Rome claimed he was
the sole leader of the Western
Christian Church
The first Bishop of Rome was the
Apostle Peter who died during the
reign of Nero
Crucified and hung upside down to
suffer he is currently considered a
martyr of the Christian faith
5
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Bishop to Pope



As the Bishop of Rome was considered
to be Peter’s successors they be came
known as Popes from the Latin word
papa or father.
By the 6th C papal authority of the
Church in the West were concerting the
pagan peoples of Germanic Europe.
Greatest help in conversion were the
monks and nuns who created
monasteries for learning, hospitals, and
scribes.
6
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Holy Roman Empire




Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of
Carolingian Empire to establish kingdom in north
Germany, mid 10th century CE
Military forays into eastern Europe
Twice enters Italy to aid Roman Catholic church
Pope John XII names Otto Emperor of Holy
Roman Empire, 962 CE
7
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Charlemagne (768-814)

“Decisive, intelligent, inquisitive,
and strong statesman, and a pious
Christian”

Empire covered much of western
and central Europe used counts
and missi dominici as overseers.

Messengers of the lord king

In 800, crowned Emperor of Rome

Trade with Abbasid Empire
8
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Ninth and Tenth Century: Invasion




Decline of the Carolingian rulers
Invasion by Muslims southern coasts of Europe
and into France
Magyars from western Asia form Hungary
convert to Christianity
And the VIKINGS!
9
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Vikings!
10
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
21.5 m by 5 m
15 pairs of oars
Built around 800 CE
Found in burial mound in Norway
11
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
With settlement in
Europe eventually
Christianity is
adopted.
12
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Life of Viking




Vikings come from present day Sweden, Norway
and Denmark
They were merchants, warriors, and pillagers due
to the lack of arable land in their home countries.
Eventually permanent settlements will be made
and Vikings will become part of the fabric of
Europe.
Travel as far as Bagdad but were unsuccessful as
permanent Middle Eastern residents due to the
power of Islam centralism.

Trade: furs, tusks, seal fat for boat sealant and slaves.
See video clip on wiki
13
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Lords and Vassals

Lords would hire Vassals providing them with land
(Fiefs) in order to have their loyalty and military
capability.
Vassals would be provided for and have wealth (land holdings),
Lords would have loyalty and insurance of power
Vassals could also have vassals creating a hierarchy or lord-vassal
relationship and greater and lesser landowners. A relationship
between free man not servitude.
Known as the Feudal Contract!
14
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Feudal Contract

The contract between Lord and
Vassal:

Lord is responsible for his vassal’s
maintenance:


Grant the vassal a fief
Lord is responsible for his vassal’s
protection

Militarily or in court
15
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Obligation of a Vassal to his Lord:




Perform military service (40 days/year)
Appear at court when summoned to give advice to the Lord
Sit it judgment in a legal case
Provide aid or financial payments to the lord



Knighting of the lord’s eldest son
The marriage of his eldest daughter
The ransom of a captured lord
16
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Lords were
made up of:
Aristocracy
held up
politics,
economics,
and social
power.
Kings,
dukes,
counts,
barons, and
viscounts
(even
bishops and
archbishops)
17
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The medieval expansion of Europe, 10001250 C.E.
18
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Tensions between Emperors and the
Church




Investiture Contest, late 11th-early 12th centuries
Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) attempts to end
practice of lay investiture
Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106
CE)
German peoples take opportunity to rebel

Quashed with difficulty
19
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE)




Frederick I, “red beard”
Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy)
Popes did not want him to gain that much power,
enlisted aid from other states
Frederick forced to back down
20
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Regional Monarchies: France and England

Capetian France



Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987
CE
Slowly expands authority out from Paris
Normans in England



Descendants of Vikings, settled in France
Invade England in 1066 under William the Conqueror
Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups
21
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Italy




Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and
principalities
Papal State directly controlled by Pope, goodsized territory in central Italy
By 12th century, city-states increasingly displace
church control in northern Italy
Normans invade southern Italy, displace
Byzantine and Muslim authorities
22
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Iberian Peninsula



Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8th-12th
centuries
From 11th century on, Christian conquest of
Spanish Muslim territories
Late 13th century, Muslims remain only in
Granada
23
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Timeline Assignment

See Handout
24
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Growth of the Agricultural Economy

Increasing development of arable lands



Minimized threat of invading nomads
Clearing of swamps, forests in Northern Europe
Improved agricultural techniques



Crop rotation ½ to 2/3 fallow
New crops, esp. beans
Horseshoes, horse collars (horses faster than oxen)
25
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
European Population Growth, 800-1300
CE
80
70
60
50
40
Millions
30
20
10
0
800 CE
1000
1100
1200
1300 CE
26
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Revival of Towns and Trade


Urbanization follows increase in food supply
Specialization of labor


Textile production
Mediterranean Trade


Italy well-positioned for sea trade
Italian colonies established in major ports of
Mediterranean, Black seas
27
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Hanseatic League


“Hansa,” association of trading cities
Trade in Baltic and North seas


Flanders
Poland, northern German, Scandinavia
28
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Social Change

The Three Estates




Those who pray: clergy
Those who fight: knights
Those who work: peasants
Oversimplification of complex social reality
29
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Chivalry



Code of conduct for nobles
Sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among
Christians
Technically, knight to dedicate his efforts to
promotion of Christianity

Protection of women
30
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Troubadours



Class of traveling poets, minstrels,
entertainers
Borrowed Islamic traditions of love
poetry
Spread of cultural ideas to Europe



Popular among aristocratic women
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) major
supporter
Popularization of idea of romantic
love, refinement of European
knights
31
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Independent Cities

Additions to class of “those who work”



Merchants, artisans, physicians, lawyers, etc.
Awkward fit into tripartite caste system
By late 11th century, towns demand charters of
integration for greater self-government
32
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Guilds


Organizations of merchants, workers, artisans
By 13th century guilds control good portion of
urban economy



Price and quality control
Membership
Created social support network



Apprentice
Journeyman
Master Crafter
33
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Urban Women




New economic opportunities for women
Dominated needle trade
Representation in wide variety of trades
Admitted to most guilds

Some guilds for women only
34
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Cathedral Schools





During early middle ages, European society too unstable
to provide institutions of advanced learning
Some rudimentary education at monasteries, occasional
scholars at courts
High middle ages (1000-1300 CE) increasing wealth
makes education possible
Schools based in cathedrals
Curriculum of Latin writings

Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology
35
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Universities




Academic guilds formed in 12th century
Both student and faculty organizations
Higher standards of education promoted
Treatment of students in town major source of
concern
36
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Influence of Aristotle



Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts
circulate in Europe
Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other
translations from Arabic translations
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), major
proponent of Scholasticism


Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle
University of Paris
37
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Popular Religion


Population at large remained unaffected by
Scholasticism
The Seven Sacraments gain ritual popularity


Devotion to Saints


Esp. Eucharist
Heavenly intercession, pilgrimages, veneration of relics
The Virgin Mary
38
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Religious Movements


Rebellion against perceived materialism of
Roman Catholic Church
Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis (1182-1226)
create orders of mendicants




Vows of poverty
Dominic will create the Dominicans who will play
roles as the inquisitors of the papal Inquisition
Popular preachers
Religious zealots, very opposed to heretical
movements
39
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Popular Heresy (southern France,
northern Italy)

Waldesians


Urged more lay control of preaching, sacraments
The Cathars (Albigensians)



Influenced by religious movements in eastern Europe
Chastity, vegetarianism, poverty
Pope Innocent III virtually destroys Cathar movement
in 13th century
40
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Reform of the Papacy!



Pope felt there was too much power in the hands
of Kings and Lords and that the Church should
control who or who was not in positions of power
within the Church.
Issue comes to ahead with Pope Gregory VII
(1073-1085) and King Henry IV (1056-1106) of
Germany
Agreement by their successors in 1122 the
Concordat of Worms.
41
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Concordat of Worms
I, bishop Calixtus, servant of the servants of God, do grant to thee beloved
son, Henry-by the grace of God august emperor of the Romans-that the
elections of the bishops and abbots of the German kingdom, who
belong to the kingdom, shall take place in thy presence, without
simony and without any violence; so that if any discord shall arise
between the parties concerned, thou, by the counsel or judgment of the
metropolitan and the co-provincials, may'st give consent and aid to the
party which has the more right. The one elected, moreover, without
any exaction may receive the regalia from thee through the lance, and
shall do unto thee for these what he rightfully should. Be he who is
consecrated in the other parts of the empire (i.e. Burgundy and Italy)
shall, within six months, and without any exaction, receive the regalia
from thee through the lance, and shall do unto thee for these what he
rightfully should. Excepting all things which are known to belong to
the Roman church. Concerning matters, however, in which thou dost
make complaint to me, and dost demand aid-1, according to the duty
of my office, will furnish aid to thee. I give unto thee true peace, and to
all who are or have been on thy side in the time of this discord.
42
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

In the name of the holy and indivisible Trinity, I, Henry, by the grace of
God august emperor of the Romans, for the love of God and of the holy
Roman church and of our master pope Calixtus, and for the healing of
my soul, do remit to God, and to the holy apostles of God, Peter and
Paul, and to the holy catholic church, all investiture through ring and
staff; and do grant that in all the churches that are in my kingdom or
empire there may be canonical election and free consecration. All the
possessions and regalia of St. Peter which, from the beginning of this
discord unto this day, whether in the time of my father or also in mine,
have been abstracted, and which I hold: I restore to that same holy
Roman church. As to those things, moreover, which I do not hold, I will
faithfully aid in their restoration. As to the possessions also of all other
churches and princes, and of all other lay and clerical persons which
have been lost in that war: according to the counsel of the princes, or
according to justice, I will restore the things that I hold; and of those
things which I do not hold I will faithfully aid in the restoration. And I
grant true peace to our master pope Calixtus, and to the holy Roman
church, and to all those who are or have been on its side. And in matters
where the holy Roman church shall demand aid I will grant it; and in
matters concerning which it shall make complaint to me I will duly grant
to it justice.
43
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Crusading Orders

Religious Christians form military-religious
orders



Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights
Religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism
Founded churches and monasteries
44
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Re-conquest of Sicily and Spain

Sicily taken by Muslims in 9th century,
reconquered by Normans in 11th century





Slow displacement of Islam
Opportunity for cross-cultural fertilization
Two small Christian states survive Muslim
conquest
Become nucleus of reconquest, 1060s-1492
Rapid, forceful assertions of Christian authority
45
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Beginning of the Crusades




Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem
from Muslim control, 1095
Salvation promised for casualties
Rapid, enthusiastic response
Peter the Hermit raises popular frenzy, mob
destroyed on way to Jerusalem
46
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The First Crusade



1096-1099 more organized expedition
Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim
organization
Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in
1187
47
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Crusades
48
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Later Crusades and their Consequences



Five crusades by mid-13th century, none
successful
Fourth Crusade destroys Constantinople, 12021204
Yet Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim
ideologies, trade

Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, paper production
49
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Black Death 14th Century




Deadly bacteria (Yersinia pestis) carried on Black
flea ridden rats
Carried by travelers and Mongol nomads
Devastates a 1/3 of the world’s population
Consequences




Decreased trade
Shortages of workers increases the cost of labour
Rental income declining
New government taxes leads to revolt!
50
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
51
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Consequences of the Black Death

The English Peasant Revolt of 1381


Easily crushed by the land owners and the King but social unrest
will forever be a characteristic of European history!
Political Instability: The 100 Years War





Inventions: the longbow vs the crossbow (English), and the
cannon (French)
Joan of Arc
Mid 13th and 14th Centuries
Lack of male heirs
Paid Soldiers causing debt
52
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Decline of the Church




Disaster of the Black Plague
The French ability to tax the clergy
The moving of the Pope to Avignon and the
auspiciousness of wealth created criticism among
Catholics.
The move declines the stature of the Pope as he is
no longer upheld by the pope St. Peter
53
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Great Schism

Split between the Roman Catholic Church

French Pope at Avignon and Italian Pope in Rome

Both leaders described the other as the Anti-Christ
causing undermining of the faith

1417 a compromise is made but the church will no
longer have the influence over Kings and people has it
once had.
54
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.