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Really Old Stuff 600 C.E. to around 1450 The Big Picture 1. Do cultural areas, as opposed to states or empires, better represent history? 2. How does change occur within societies? 3. How similar were the economic and trading practices that developed across cultures? Rise of Islam Monotheistic Mohammad Qur’an Five Pillars of Islam Started in Mecca but was forced to move to Medina – hijra Moved back to Mecca – from there spread rapidly Empire Mohammad dies, Abu Bakr takes over Caliph – emperor/religious leader Theocracy Umar, Uthman, Ali Ali is assassinated – prominent Umayyad family takes over Became more like a monarchy No clear successor Umayyad Dynasty Moved capital to Damascus Arabic became official language Conquered subjects were encouraged to convert. Empire grew – Spain and S. Italy, as close to Europe as they would get. Muslims split Shi’ite - believed the hereditary line of rulers should come from Ali. Sunni - leaders should come from broad base of people; not just Ali Abbasid Dynasty Umayyad defeated by Abu al-Abbas – supporters of Ali Moved capital to Baghdad – cultural center Trade/manufacturing of steel Medical and Math advancements Preserved Western Culture and history – Ancient Greek and Roman works Sufis converted many to Islam Women Before the Qur’an, women were seen as property Qur’an – women were equal before Allah – more respected, but still subservient to men Men could have more than one wife; wife could only have one husband Veiling of women Primary duty was to be loyal and care for husband and family Fall of Islamic Empire Mongols Would not be united again until the rise of Ottoman Turks Europe Middle Ages After fall of Rome (before the Renaissance) West and East Europe had different forms of Christianity; Catholic and Orthodox E. Europe (Byzantine) was much more centralized and organized than the West. Byzantine Empire Language: Greek Persian culture influence (dome buildings) Absolute Emperors Justinian – Justinian’s Code (preserved Roman legal principles); major building projects (Hagia Sophia) Considered secular (compared to Rome; Pope head of church and state) Distinct differences from Catholic church (priest marriages, communion, icons) Orthodox Patriarch and Catholic Pope excommunicated each other Orthodoxy and Russia St. Cyril – converted SE Europe and Russia to Christianity – Slavic alphabet Vladimir – Kiev Prince – converted to Orthodoxy Russia becomes culturally different from other powers of Europe because of the cultural ties to Russian Christian Orthodoxy Western Europe Franks – Germanic people; converted to Christianity United under King Clovis; Kingdom was split among his sons and disintegrated Charles Martel once again united people to defeat the Muslims – Battle of Tours (stopped Muslim advance into Europe) Founded Carolingian Dynasty; Pepin (his son) certified his rule with the Pope Charlemagne (Pepin’s Son) Revitalized the concept of empire to W. Europe Holy Roman Empire Monasteries – center of art and education Feudalism society After his death, empire was divided among 3 grandsons Viking and Magyar invasions Catholic church became most powerful institution in W. Europe Feudalism – Europe’s social, economic, and political system in the Middle Ages King Nobles Vassals Peasants (serfs) Manor system 3 field system – produced food surplus Code of Chivalry Females had few rights Serfs – eventually became highly skilled workers – would help bring Europe back into trading with the world High Middle Ages Towns grew Burghers – middle class merchants Hanseatic League – alliance of towns and dominated trade in Europe Gothic Churches Church conflict: Scholasticism – relied on reason rather than faith People questioned organized religion Heresies – religious beliefs or practices that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine Pope Innocent III – strict church doctrines; persecution of Jews and heretics Inquisition Thomas Aquinas – Christian realist that faith and reason do not have to conflict Emergence of Nation-States W. Europe was not organized into countries but was broken up into feudal kingdoms Europe will begin to organize themselves into cultural and language groups Germany and Italy – decentralized; strong group of independent kingdoms (like city-states) England – unified quickly William the Conqueror King John – signed Magna Carta (laid foundation for Parliament) Parliament – House of Lords and House of Commons France – King Hugh Capet ruled small area around Paris Conflict with England (England taking land in France) 100 Years War united France; led to England’s withdrawal of France (Joan of Arc) Bourbons become French monarch Spain – united by Queen Isabella by marrying Ferdinand. Used Catholic church as their ally Spanish Inquisition – forced non-Christians out of Spain Led to Spanish culture and Christianity to the New World Russia – Fell to the Tatars (Mongols) As Mongol power declined Russian princes grew in power Ivan III declared himself Czar Ivan the Terrible - centralized power China Tang Dynasty Empire spread Became too large it collapsed (local warlords) Song Dynasty Reunified China Eventually fell to the Jurchens and the Mongols Ming Dynasty Drove out Mongols; restored traditional Chinese Rule Strong bureaucratic system (civil service exam) Built canals, roads, paper money Song Dynasty – Gunpowder, compass, ship technologies, production of steel Champa rice – from Vietnam led to population explosion in China (also the rise of urban centers) Women Wu Zhao – only Empress of China Foot binding Subservient to men Religion Buddhism – Mahayana – focused on peaceful, quiet lives and Zen – attracted educated classes who followed Confucianism Daoists and Confucians tried to stop spread of Buddhism Japan Influenced by Korea and China Yamato clan – first and only dynasty Religion – Shinto “the way of the gods” – worshipped kami Chinese influence grew in Japan Buddhism; bureaucratic and legal reforms; however rejected Confucianism and Civil Service Exam; nobility was hereditary not earned. Heian Era – lost a little Chinese influence Fujiwara – powerful aristocratic family Literature flourished Feudal system Feudal Japan – developed about the same time as Europe’s feudal system Shogun (like King) Daimyo (land owners; like lords) Samurai (knights) – Code of Bushido Lesser Samurai Peasants and artisans Women were demeaned (not adored) India Islam vs. Hinduism Islamic Empire spread to N. India. Islamic Sultan made much progress in India Much of N. India converted, and S. India held on to Hinduism = conflict Mongols swept in with destruction and left Mongols Rivalries between clans kept them from uniting Genghis Khan unified the clans and led them to the largest empire ever! Did not establish a culture 2 major consequences of Mongols 1. Russia didn’t unify and develop as quickly as W. Europe 2. globally world trade, cultural diffusion and awareness grew Kush Africa Developed around same time as Ancient Egypt Conquer Egypt then retreat back to Meroe - Iron manufacturing city Axum – had much contact with Mediterranean world Converted to Christianity West African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali and Songhai – trade gold and salt with Islamic traders The kingdoms ended up converting to Islam Timbuktu – W. Africa cultural center Arts Oral literature Benin – bronze sculpting Maya Americas S. Mexico and Central America Collection of city-states; pyramid builders, hieroglyphics Tikal – important political city Kings, priests, nobles, merchants, peasants, slaves Not sure what caused the Mayan civilization to decline Aztecs Central Mexico; Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Professional army dominated neighbors – demanded heavy taxes Not bureaucratic – conquered areas were allowed to govern themselves Religion was tied to military – human sacrifices Incas Andes Mts. in Peru Human was main source of labor Women worked in fields, took care of household, had property, played a role in religion Polytheistic – sun god was most important Ruler descended from sun and therefore ruled all of the earth Bureaucracy – nobles Machu Picchu – temples Never developed writing; used quipu – knotted strings to keep records READ pages 149 – 154 !!!