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Review – Test I France, England, and the Church • Phillip IV “The Fair” – Estates-General • Unam Sanctum • Assault on the Pope • The Avignon Papacy – Avignon, France – “The Babylonian Captivity” – 1309-1376 • Edward I “Longshanks” – Wales & Scotland – William Wallace – Robert the Bruce • Parliament – 1295 – House of Lords – House of Commons • Treaty of Paris – – – – 1259, 1303 Gascony & Aquitaine Edward II of England Isabella of France The Hundred Years War • Edward III of England • Phillip VI of France • Edwardian War – 1337–1360 • Caroline War – 1369–1389 • Lancastrian War – 1415–1453 • Battle of Crecy - 1346 – English Longbow • Battle of Poitiers - 1356 – Ransom French King • Battle of Agincourt – Henry V • Turning Points: – Battle of Orléans • Joan of Arc – Charles Crowned King • End of the Hundred Years War - 1453 • Legacy – Cannon – Parliament Statue of 1341 – French National Identity Famine and the Black Death • Little Ice Age – Circa 1300-1450 • The Great Famine – 1315-1322 • The Black Death – Bubonic Plague – bacillus Yersinia pestis • Origin – China to Kaffa to Sicily – Genoese trading • Consequences – – – – Inflation Higher standard of living Asceticism Universities The Great Schism - Fall of Constantinople • Urban VI – Roman Pope • Clement VII – Avignon Pope • Calls for Reform – Lollards - John Wycliffe – Hussites - Jan Huss • Conciliarism • Council of Pisa – 1409-1410 • Council of Constance – 1414-1417 – Martin V – Jan Huss • Ottoman Turks – Expansion • Tamerlane – “Timur the lame” • Sultan Mehmed II • Fall of Constantinople – May 1453 Renaissance • Precursors – Dante • Divine Comedy – Classicism • Humanism – Petrarch • Father of Humanism • Classical & Christian • Renaissance Art – Linear Perspective – Chiaroscuro • Giotto – The Father of Renaissance Art • Donatello – First great Renaissance sculptor • Leonardo da Vinci – “Universal Competence” – Mona Lisa & The Last Supper • Raphael – Madonnas – School of Athens • Michelangelo – David – Frescoes of Sistine Chapel Northern Renaissance - Early Modern Europe • Christian-Northern Humanists – Erasmus • Most Prominent • “Philosophy of Christ” – Thomas More • Utopia • The Printing Press – Johann Gutenberg – Movable Type • France – Charles VII – Standing Army • England – War of the Roses • York (white rose) • Lancaster (red rose • Holy Roman Empire – House of Hapsburg • Frederick III • Maximilian I Early Modern Europe • Russia – Ivan III the Great • Rebellion against Mongols • Moscow - “The Third Rome” – Ivan IV “Grozny” • Ivan the Terrible • Tsar (Czar) – “Time of Troubles” • Italian City States – Republic of Venice – Republic of Milan – Republic of Florence • Medici Family • Ciompi Revolt – The Papal States – Naples/Sicily – Controlled by Aragon Iberian States, Africa, & Exploration • Portugal – – – – – – Treaty of Windsor - 1386 Caravel Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomew Diaz Vasco de Gama Pedro Álvares Cabral - Brazil • West Africa – Mali – Songhay (Songhai) • Sunni Ali – Trade: • Gold • Salt • Slaves • Amerigo Vespucci – Mundus Novus • Castile + Aragon = Spain – – – – – – Ferdinand & Isabella “The Catholic Monarchs” Navarre & Granada Inquisition Marital Alliances Charles I of Spain • Christopher Columbus – San Salvador • The Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain, Portugal, and Church Italy, The Church & the French Invasions • Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – Ends justify the means • The Borgias – Pope Alexander VI – Cesare Borgia • Pope Julius II – “Warrior Pope” • Hapsburg-Valois Wars • Concordant of Bologna – Pope Leo X (Medici) – Francis I of France – French Government controls French Clergy Empire of Charles V • Charles I of Spain = Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor • Conquistadores – “God, Glory, & Gold” • Hernán Cortés - 1519 – Aztecs – New Spain (Mexico) • Circumnavigation – Ferdinand Magellan – Juan Sebastián Elcano • Francisco Pizzaro - 1531 – Inca – Insurrections – Disease • Catholic Missionaries – Bartolome de Las Casas • Labor Servitude • Encomienda – Legal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians for a specific amount of time. • Repartimiento – All adult male natives to devote a certain number of working days to Spanish economic enterprises Protestant Reformation • German Reformation – Martin Luther • “Justification by Faith” – John Tetzel – Indulgences – Luther's Ninety-Five Theses • Diet of Worms – Edict of Worms • Diet of Speyer (1526 & 1529) – Local Princes – “Protestant” • Swiss Reformation – Ulrich Zwingli • Literal scriptural support – Anabaptists • The Marburg Colloquy – Landgrave Phillip of Hesse – Luther and Zwingli • Swiss Civil War – Battle of Kappel Protestant Reformation • English Reformation – – – – Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn The Act of Supremacy • Calvinism – John Calvin – Institutes of the Christian Faith – Calvin’s Beliefs • Total Depravity • The Elect • Predestination • The Society of Jesus – Jesuits – Ignatius of Loyola – “Soldiers for Christ” • Diet of Augsburg – Peace of Augsburg • Council of Trent – Catholic CounterReformation Era of Religious Wars • England – Edward VI of England • Book of Common Prayer – Jane Grey • “The Nine Day Queen” – Mary I “Bloody Mary” • Catholicism – Elizabeth I • “Elizabethan Settlement” • Act of Supremacy – 1559 • Protestantism & Nationalism • Hapsburgs – Division – Phillip – West – Ferdinand – East • Phillip II – – – – Madrid Wealth & Taxes Hapsburg Valois War The Battle of Lepanto • Holy League and the Ottomans Era of Religious Wars • Netherlands Revolt (80 Year War) – The Duke of Alba – The Council of Troubles / The Council of Blood – William of Orange – Union of Utrecht • French Religious Wars – Huguenots – Conde, Coligny, and Guise – The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • England at Sea – Privateers – Colonization Attempts • Roanoke • Mary, Queen of Scots – – – – Scandal Flees to England House arrest Death • The “Invincible” Armada – Duke of Medina-Sidonia – Delays, English Attack, and Storm France & England • War of the Three Henrys • Henry of Navarre – Succeeded Henry III (last Valois) • The Edict of Nantes – Gave Huguenots qualified religious freedoms • James I of England / James VI of Scotland – Divine Right of Kings – Impositions – Authorized Version of the Bible – The Gunpowder Plot • Colonization – England - Jamestown • John Smith • John Rolfe - Tobacco – France • Québec – Samuel de Champlain – “Father of New France” • Fur Trapping • La Salle - Louisiana – New Netherlands • Dutch West India Company • New Amsterdam English Civil War • Charles I – Religious conformity England and Scotland – Great Migration • The Short Parliament – April-May 1640 – John Pym • The Long Parliament – Puritans – Grand Remonstrance • English Civil War – Cavaliers – Roundheads – Turning points: • Scottish Alliance • Rise of Oliver Cromwell – Charles I – execution • The Commonwealth Puritan Republic The Thirty Years War • The Defenestration of Prague – Prague, Bohemia • The Bohemian Phase – (1618-1625) • The Huguenot Rebellions – Louis XIII – Cardinal Richelieu – La Rochelle • The Danish Intervention – (1625-1629) – Christian IV of Denmark • The Swedish Intervention – (1630-1635) – Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden • Portuguese Restoration War – 1640-1668 • The French Intervention – 1635–1648 – France & Sweden vs. Spain and Austria • The Treaty of Westphalia – – – – – – – 1648 Fragmented Germany Peace of Augsburg Calvinism Bavaria Elector Brandenburg-Prussia Swiss Confederacy and United Provinces (Netherlands ) Philosophy & Science • Thomas Hobbes – – – – Absolutism Leviathan “State of Nature” Social Contract • John Locke – Critic of Absolutism – Two Treatises of Government – Natural Law / Natural Rights • Life, Liberty, Property – Social Contract • “Natural Philosophers” • Ptolemaic / geocentric system – Ptolemy of Alexandria – Epicycles • Copernicus – Heliocentric Universe – On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Tycho Brahe – Most accurate astronomical data that had ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye • Johannes Kepler – Elliptical, not circular orbits – The New Astronomy • Galileo – Telescope – Dialogue on two chief world systems Philosophy & Science • Sir Francis Bacon – Father of the Scientific Method of research – Inductive Reasoning – Novum Organum – New Atlantis • Rene Descartes – Discourse on Method – Deductive Reasoning • The Royal Society of London • Margaret Cavendish – Duchess of Newcastle – Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World • Sir Isaac Newton – Early Work • Optics • Calculus • Gravity – Principia Mathmetica • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy