Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The History of Computers Developments Leading up to the StoredProgram Computer of Today In The Beginning • Early humans counted on their fingers – evolution of base 10 numbering system Abacus Orient • 3000 years ago • First calculating mechanism • Beads represent digits • Rods represent places – units, tens, hundreds, and higher multiples of ten Blaise Pascal • Invented the Pascaline in 1642 • First mechanical adding machine Gottfried Leibniz • Invented Step Reckoner in 1671 • Could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots Joseph Jacquard • Jacquard’s Loom in 1810 • Emphasized three computer concepts 1. Instructions - used punched cards 2. Simple Program - series of instructions 3. Automate job - because of program Charles Babbage • Father of Computers • Invented Analytical Engine in 1832 • 5 characteristics of modern computer – Input device – punch cards – Processor – mill – Control Unit – Storage Facility – store – Output device Ada Augusta • First Computer Programmer – wrote programs for the Analytical Engine • Her notes on the Analytical Engine was used in the future development of computers Herman Hollerith • Invented Tabulating Machine for 1890 Census • First machine capable of processing statistical information from punched cards Alan Turing • Worked on Colossus computer in 1943 • Used in World War II for cracking German codes (ENIGMA) John Mauchly Presper Eckert • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator) 1946 • First electronic computer to go into operation • A moth got caught in the MARK II and shorted out a relay • Grace crawled in and removed it from inside the computer • Popularized the term “bug” to signify any system failure • The term “debugging” signifies solving a computer problem John von Neumann “First Draft” – based on his concepts, all computers process data by carrying out four specific activities: Input data Store data Process data Output data/results This initiated the modern computer era. EDVAC - first electronic computer to use stored-program First Generation Computers (1951-1958) • Vacuum tubes – for electronic circuits • Punched cards – for secondary memory/storage • Speed – Milliseconds – Thousands of operations per second • Machine and Assembly languages Vacuum Tube • Provided the electronic circuits for computer • 6000 circuits/cubic foot • Konrad Zuse used it in 1941 instead of electromagnetic relays • Large and bulky. Generated enormous amounts of heat • Burned out frequently causing computer to be down for large amounts of time Second Generation Computers (1959-1964) • Transistors – electronic circuits • Magnetic tape – secondary memory\storage • Speed – Microseconds – millions of operations per second • Programming languages – COBOL, Fortran, Symbolic Transistor • Replaced vacuum tubes as electronic circuits in computers • Developed by William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen from Bell Labs in 1947 Comparison of the vacuum tube with the transistor – Won the Nobel Prize in 1956 as a result • 100,000 circuits/cubic foot Third Generation Computers (1965-1970) • Integrated Circuits (IC) – electronic circuits • Magnetic tape – secondary memory\storage • Speed – Nanoseconds – Billions of operations per second • Silicon Chip – silicon crystal that IC is etched in Integrated Circuit (IC) • Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments in 1959 • 10 million circuits/cubic foot • Won the Nobel Prize in 2000 as a result Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) • Personal micro-computer • Microprocessor – electronic circuits • Magnetic disk – secondary memory\storage • Speed – picoseconds – trillions of operations per second • Virtual memory – mimics behavior of primary memory Microprocessor • Invented by Ted Hoff of Intel in 1971 • Very Large Scale Integration (VSLI) – tens of thousands electronic components on each IC chip • Over 500 billion circuits/cubic foot Steven Jobs Steve Wozniak • Invented Apple Macintosh in 1984 • First programmable computer available for personal use • First computer to use Graphical User Interface Fifth Generation Computers (Future) • Artificial Intelligence – Computer learns from itself • Natural Language – Communicate with computer using everyday language • Parallel Processing – Ability to process millions of instructions simultaneously • Speed – gigaseconds – Quadrillions of operations per second