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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
SAK3002
Information Technology
&
Its Applications
Chapter 1
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
CORE objectives of this course:
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Student can understand about computer
designs and its processes.
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Student know how to use current
applications.
Chapter 1
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
1
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Objectives of this chapter:
You can…
Define the term, computer and its
advantages.
Identify the components of a computer.
Know its history
Identify the element of information
system
Discuss computer application in society
Chapter 1
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Overview
This chapter covers
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Computer definition and operations.
Computer generations.
The components of a computer.
Categories of computers
Computer impact on society.
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
1.1 Definition and Operations
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
What Is a Computer and What Does It
Do?
Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts
data, performs operations, presents the results, and can
store the data or results
Accepts data
Raw facts, figures, and
symbols
Processes data into
information
Data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful
Produces and stores results
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer operations:
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Input—entering data into the computer
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Processing—performing operations on the data
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Output—presenting the results
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Storage—saving data, programs, or output for
future use
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer operations (cont’d)
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Advantages of Using Computers
Speed
Reliability
Storage
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Consistency
Communications
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Disadvantages of Using Computers
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Violation of
Privacy
Impact on
Labor Force
Health Risks
Impact on
Environment
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
1.2 Computer History
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History
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The computer that we use now is a fairly recent
invention
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The history of computers is often referred to in
terms of generations, from pre-computers and early
computers (before 1945) to fifth generation
computers (now and the future)
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Each new generation is characterized by a major
technological development
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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The first calculating device, which was used 2000
years ago was called abacus
In 1833, Prof. Charles Babbage, the father of
computer, developed a machine called analytical
engine which was the base for the modern digital
computer
Other early computing devices include the slide
rule, the mechanical calculator, and Dr. Herman
Hollerith’s Punch Card Tabulating Machine and
Sorter
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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First - Generation Computers
(approximately 1946 - 1957)
The electronic digital computers, which were
introduced in 1950's, were using vacuum tubes
 ENIAC
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 Was
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developed during World War II
UNIVAC
 Released
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in 1951
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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Second - Generation Computers
(approximately 1958 - 1963)
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used transistors
A
small device made of semiconductor material
Programming languages (FORTRAN and
COBOL) were developed and implemented
 Computers used by military, government and
big business
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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Third - Generation Computers
(approximately 1964 - 1970)
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Introduction of integrated circuits (ICs)
 Also
know as chips
Keyboards and monitors were introduced for
input and output
 Magnetic disks were typically used for storage
 Cheap, fast and reliable
 Used by small business
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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Fourth - Generation Computers (approximately
1971 - present)
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The invention of the microprocessor in 1971
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Contains the core processing capabilities of an entire computer
on one single chip
Example: IBM PC and Apple Macintosh
Input - keyboard and mouse
Output – monitor and printer
Storage – magnetic disks and optical disks
The development of computer network, wireless
technologies, and the internet
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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Fifth - Generation Computers (now and the
future)
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Will be based on artificial intelligence
 Computers
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Voice recognition
 Become
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primary means of input
Optical computers
 Process
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can learn, think and reasoning
data using light instead of electrons
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer History (cont’d)
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Refer to your text book (Discovering
Computers 2009) on page 52 to 65 for the
timeline of computer generations and trends
from The ABC computer to Youtube
phenomena!
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
1.3 Main Components of a
Computer
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Main components of a Computer
Hardware
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Software
Hardware
 The physical parts of a computer
 Can be internal (located inside the system unit) or external (located
outside of the system unit)
Software
 Programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer Hardware
Input device:
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Hardware used
to enter data
and instructions
Refer to your textbook for more
pictures and explanations for
better understanding.
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer hardware (cont’d)
Output device:
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Hardware that
conveys
information
to one or more
people
Refer to your textbook for more
pictures and explanations for
better understanding
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer components (hardware)
System unit
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Case
containing
electronic
components
used to process
data
Refer to your textbook for more
pictures and explanations for
better understanding
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer hardware (cont’d)
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Two main components on the motherboard:
Processor
Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The electronic component that interprets and carries
out the basic instructions that operate the computer
Memory
Consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by
those instructions
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer hardware (cont’d)
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What is storage?
Holds data, instructions, and information
for future use
Storage media
Physical material on which data, instructions,
and information are stored
Storage device
Records and retrieves items to and from
storage media
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer hardware (cont’d)
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Floppy disk and USB flash drive
Floppy Disk
Thin,
circular, flexible
disk enclosed in a squareshaped plastic shell
Stores
up to about 1.4
million characters
USB Flash Drive
Provides
much
greater storage
capacity than a
floppy disk or
Zip® disk
Small
and lightweight
enough to be transported
on a keychain or in a
pocket
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer hardware (cont’d)
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Hard disk
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Provides greater
storage
capacity than a
floppy disk, Zip disk, or
USB flash drive
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Most are housed inside
of the system unit
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer hardware (cont’d)
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Compact disc
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Flat, round, portable metal disc
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p. 9 Fig. 1-5
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CD-ROM
DVD-ROM
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer hardware (cont’d)
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Communications device
Hardware component that
enables a computer to
send and receive data, instructions,
and information
Occurs over cables, telephone
lines, cellular radio networks,
satellites, and other
transmission media
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer Software
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What is software?
Consists of a series
of instructions that
tells the computer
what to do
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Also called a
program
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer Software (cont’d)
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What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
Allows you to
interact with the
software using
graphics and icons
Controls how you
enter data and how
the screen displays
information
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer software (cont’d)
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What is system software?
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Programs that control or maintain the operations of the
computer and its devices
Operating System (OS)
is a set of programs
that coordinates all
activities among
computer hardware
devices and allows
users to run
application software
p. 15-16
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Utility Programs allow the user to
perform maintenance-type tasks
usually related to managing a
computer, its devices or its programs
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer Software
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Application software
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Programs that perform specific tasks
for users
Word
Processing
Spreadsheet
Database
Presentation
Graphics
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer Software
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Programmer
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Someone who develops
application or system software
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Programmer writes
the instructions to
direct the computer to
process data into
information
Web application
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
JavaScript
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
1.4 Categories of Computers
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of Computers
What are the categories
of computers?
Personal Computers
(desktop)
Mobile Computers and
Mobile Devices
Game Consoles
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded Computers
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Personal Computers
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Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a
desk or table
 Apple Macintosh
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PC and compatibles
use the Windows
operating system
uses the Macintosh
operating system
(Mac OS)
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computer (cont’d)
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Mobile Computers
Notebook computer
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Portable, small enough to fit on
your lap
Also called a laptop computer
Generally more expensive than
a desktop computer
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Mobile Computers
Tablet PC
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Resembles a letter-sized slate
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Allows you to write on the screen
using a digital pen
useful for taking notes
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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What are mobile devices?
Small enough to
carry in a pocket
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SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Mobile Device
Handheld computer
Small
enough to fit
in one
hand
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Used
by mobile
employees such as
meter readers and
delivery people
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Mobile Device
Personal digital assistant (PDA)
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Provides personal organizer functions
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Calendar
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Appointment book
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Address book
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Calculator
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Notepad
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Mobile Device
Smart phones
A smart phone is
an Internet-enabled
telephone that usually
provides PDA capabilities
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Game consoles
Mobile computing device designed for
single-player or multiplayer video games
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Servers
A server controls access to network
resources and provides centralized
storage
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of computers
Supercomputer The fastest, most
powerful, most expensive computer.
Used for applications requiring
complex mathematical calculations
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Categories of computers (cont’d)
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Embedded computers
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A special-purpose computer that functions as a
component in a larger product
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
1.5 Computer Applications in
Society
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Computer Applications in Society
Some examples of computer
applications in society:
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Education
Finance
Government
Healthcare
Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
End of Chapter 1
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SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application
SAK3002 – IT and Its Applications
Review
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Computer definition?
Computer operations?
Computer main components?
Computer categories?
Computer impacts on society?
For more details information and pictures, please refer to your text book.
Chapter 1
SAK3002 – Information Technology and Its Application