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PowerPoint Presentations for Technology By R. Thomas Wright The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois www.g-w.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Section 2 Technological System Components © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6 Outputs and Feedback and Control © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Learning Objectives • Describe the relationship between the outputs and feedback and control in technology systems. • Identify the major types of outputs of various technology systems. • Differentiate between desired and undesired, intended and unintended, and immediate and delayed outputs of technological systems. • Define feedback as used in technology systems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Learning Objectives • Differentiate between the two major types of internal control systems. • Describe the major components of internal control systems. • Describe the difference between manual and automatic control in internal control systems. • Identify external controls in technology systems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Technological System © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Outputs • The desirable outputs of technological systems satisfy a technological problem or opportunity. • There can also be undesirable outputs, however, like pollution, soil erosion, or other problems. • The intended outputs are expected and may be desirable or undesirable. • Unintended outputs, which were not expected, may also result from systems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Immediate and Delayed Outputs • Most technological systems are designed to produce a product or service for use now, which results in immediate outputs. • Aerosol cans and sulfur dioxide eventually creating pollution are examples of delayed outputs. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Feedback and Control • We can view internal control systems from three different angles: – Types of control systems. – Components of control systems. – Operations of control systems. • There are also external controls, such as political actions and personal value systems, to be considered. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Types of Control Systems • Two major types of control systems used: – Open-loop control and closed-loop control. • Open-loop systems use no feedback. • More systems use closed-loop systems, which means these systems use feedback. • Technology systems, such as manufacturing, use market research, quality control, inventory control, process control, material resource control, and wage control. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Components of Control Systems • Monitoring devices include: – Mechanical sensors, thermal sensors, optical sensors, electrical or electronic sensors, and magnetic (electromagnetic) sensors. • Data-comparing devices like: – Analytical systems and judgmental systems. • Adjusting devices are controllers. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Adjusting Devices • Four adjusting devices: – Mechanical controllers: cams, levers, and other linkages. – Electromechanical controllers: electromagnetic coils and forces to move linkages. – Electrical and electronic controllers: switches, transistors, and integrated circuits. – Fluidic controllers: fluids and air. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Operation of Control Systems • Technological control systems can be classified as: – Manual control systems like systems that pilots would use. – Automatic control systems like thermostats in heating systems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. External Controls © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Effects of Control Systems © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Discussion Do public opinions and laws govern technological actions? In what way? © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Career Corner • Dental hygienists. – Examine patients’ teeth and gums and record the presence of diseases. – Use a variety of tools and machines, including instruments to clean teeth and X-ray machines to take dental pictures. – Must graduate from an accredited dental hygiene school and pass a written and clinical examination. American Dental Hygienists © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review What effect do feedback and control have on outputs in technological systems? Outputs are the results of the system that are, in turn, modified or corrected by feedback and control. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review How are outputs categorized? Outputs are categorized in three ways: desirable/undesirable, intended/unintended, and immediate/delayed. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review What are the desirable and undesirable outputs of transportation technology? The desirable output is the movement of goods and people, while the undesirable output is the fumes and toxic by-products of different modes of transportation. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review Define feedback as used in technology systems. Using information from the output of a system to control or regulate the system or its inputs to affect the output. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review What are the major types of internal control systems? Open-loop control and closed-loop control. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review What are the components of internal control systems? Monitoring devices, data-comparing devices, and adjusting devices. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review Name a few types of monitoring devices. Mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical and electronic, and magnetic (electromagnetic) sensors. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review Define manual and automatic control systems. Automatic control systems: systems that can monitor, compare, and adjust a system without human interference. Manual control systems: systems that require humans to adjust the process. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review What are a few external controls? Consumers, environmentalists, politicians, church leaders, or foreign competitors. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.