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ESD Control Flooring
Presented By:
Erik S. Van Anglen
Technical Sales Specialist ESD
Sika Industrial Flooring
Lyndhurst, NJ
Polymer ESD Flooring ?
 Why ESD Flooring?
What Are the Problems?
Where is the Market?
What Products Are Available?
What’s the Future?
What Is Static Electricity?
Static Electricity
Static Electricity:
An Electrical Charge at rest
ESD:
The transfer of static charges between
bodies or objects at different electrical
potentials. This may be caused by either
direct contact or by induction of an
electrostatic field.
Static Electricity
Tribocharging:
The generation of electrostatic charges when
two materials make contact or are rubbed
together, then separated
Static Electricity & The Atom

All matter consists of a collection of atoms

The “atom” is comprised of a nucleus
containing
-
+ Protons and Neutrons
-

Orbiting the nucleus are
Electrons

The atom is normally electrically neutral
(same # of +protons = # of -electrons)
+
Contact and Separation of Materials
Causes Electron Imbalance
Negative Charge
+
Positive Charge
Negative Electron Strips to
Another Atom
Simply put, ESD discharge is the sudden and violent
redistribution of free electrons between objects or to
a conductor.
Static Electricity in an EPA
Factors that Influence Tribocharging

Intimacy of Contact

Speed of Separation

Conductivity of Materials

Triboelectric Series Position

Relative Humidity
Characteristics of Material Charge
Triboelectric Series Chart
Positive +
Increasing +
Neutral
Increasing -
Negative -
 From Neutral, the further apart the two materials appear on this
chart, an increasing amount of tribocharging most likely will result
upon separation
Put Static Voltage in Perspective
Electrostatic Voltage Scale for Various Actions
Means of Generation
Walking on Carpet
Walking on Vinyl
Working at Bench
Poly Bag Picked up at Bench
Work Chair Padded with Foam
Walking on Standard Epoxy Floor
Walking on performance
ESD Floor with Proper
Footwear
Electrostatic Voltage
10 - 20%RH
35,000
12,000
6,000
20,000
18,000
20,000
<15
65 -90% RH
1,500
250
100
1,200
1,500
10,000
<15
ESD Events in the Workplace
A Word about People & Electrostatic Voltage
Over 3,000 Volts Needed on Body to “Feel” Electrostatic
Discharge
Painful

discharges occur > 10,000 volts
Rarely can a person have >30,000 Volts on body
Many
Devices have a damage threshold far below 3,000 volts

Some Devices are sensitive well below 100 volts

GMR Heads are sensitive below 10 volts
ESD Protection Electronics Industry
Static Electricity
Static Electricity Damages Electronic Components
by Overstressing Microscopic Connections
Failure Analysis
(HBM) Human Body Model
(MM) Machine Model
Failure Analysis
(CDM) Charged Device Model
Static Electricity
Failures Associated with ESD Events
Latent Failure:
Damaged component, not evident until
after product has been shipped
Catastrophic Failure:
Component is damaged immediately
Static Electricity
Component Sensitivity
Human Body Model
Class 0
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
0 to 199 Volts
200 to 499 Volts
500 to 1999 Volts
2000 + Volts
Not ESD Sensitive
Through extensive failure analysis, components
have been classified as to their ESD sensitivity
ESD Events in the Workplace


(HBM) Human Body Model ESD Event
(CDM) Charged Device Model

(FIM) Field Induction Model

(MM) Machine Model
Human Body Model
HBM
ESD Occurs When Charged Person Touches Device
Machine Model MM
Occurs When Sensitive Device Comes In
Contact With Charged Surface.
Worst-Case Scenario of HMB
Field Induction Model
FIM
Field Induction Events Occur When ESD Sensitive
Devices Are Placed Within Electrostatic Field and Are
Momentarily Grounded.
Charged Device Model
CDM
Charged Device Events Occur When Charged, ESD
Sensitive Devices Come Into Contact With Conductive
Surfaces
“The Problem”
The “Problem” with a
Difference in Potential
By nature, an electrostatic field
will always seek ground first.
Differences in Electrical
Potential Will Always Be
Equalized
ESD Protection against Fire or
Explosion from Ignition
Chemical Plants
 Pharmaceutical Plants
 Munitions/Defense/Military Installations
 Energy Producing Products (Airbags, Gases)
 Dry Goods Milling Operations
Printing Plants
 Any Process Susceptible to Damage by Ignition

Ignition Source < 3000v
ZAP or ESD
The rapid, spontaneous transfer of
electrostatic charge induced by a
high electrostatic field. Usually, the
charge flows through a spark
between two bodies at different
electrostatic potentials as they
approach one another.
(from ESD-ADV1.0-1994)
ESD, or Zap, is occurs when there is a
difference in the amount of electrons
between two sources.
Energy Transfer = Ignition Source
3,000 Volts = 0.5 Millijoules (mj) of
Energy
Propane within Explosive
Concentration Range (LEL/UEL
2.15% - 9.6%) Requires Only 0.25 mj
to Ignite
“The Problem”
Definition of Ground
(1) A conducting connection, whether intentional or
accidental between an electrical circuit or equipment
and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in
place of earth.
(2) The position or portion of an electrical circuit at zero
potential with respect to the earth.
(3) A conducting body, such as the earth or the hull of a steel
ship, used as a return path for electric currents and as an
arbitrary zero reference point. (from ANSI/EOS/ESDS6.1-1991)
(from ANSI/EOS/ESD-S6.1-1991)
Electronics Standards
ANSI/ESD S20.20-2007
Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for Protection of
Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment
MIL-1686C
IEC 61340-5-1 & 2
These are process documents, not test standards
Electronics Standards
NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION
STANDARD S20.20-2007

<3.5 x 10e7 ohms resistance

<100v body voltage generation BVG

Combination of ESD STM97.1 & ESD STM97.2
“The plan shall contain the specific requirements for
the organization and be evolutionary as technologies,
processes or procedures change.” (More sensitive
ESD items = Lower BVG Requirements)
A Requirement for Third-Party ISO9000 Facility
Certification After 2009!
Electronics Standards
NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION
STANDARD S20.20-2007
Association Documents to Prevent
Fire and Explosion
NFPA-77
Recommended Practice on Static Electricity
NFPA-99
Standard For Health Care Facilities
UL-779
Electrically Conductive Flooring
Test Methods for ANSI Compliance
Testing Equipment

Ohms Meter

Voltage Meter

Charged Plate Monitor
Qualification Test Method
Testing Methods
EOS/ESD STM S7.1-2006
ASTM F-150

An up to date test method for the measurement
of electrical resistance of floor materials both
point to point and point to ground.

Results are reported in ohms of resistance
Test Methods for ANSI Compliance
and Quality Control
Testing Methods
Various Methods of testing have
been developed to measure the
effects of static and discharge on
sensitive components and for
purposes of preventing fire or
explosion.
Point-to-Point Resistance
EOS/ESD-S7.1-Rev. 2006



Minimum 5 tests per 5000 square feet
Megohmeter with a minimum range
of 10e5 to 10e11 ohms.
5 lb. Conductive Rubber electrode
set to 3 feet apart
Test voltage set at 10 or 100 volts
Resistance to Ground
EOS/ESD-S7.1-Rev. 2005



Minimum 5 tests per 5000 square feet
Megohmeter with a minimum range
of 10e5 to 10e11 ohms.
5 lb. Conductive Rubber electrode.
Other lead connected to earth
ground.
Test voltage set at 10 or 100 volts
Performance Test Method
Testing Methods
EOS/ESD STM 97.1

An up to date test method for the electronics
industry that measures Floor Materials and
Footwear-Resistance Measurement in
combination with a Person

Results are reported in ohms of resistance
Floor Materials and Footwear-Resistance
Measurement in Combination with a Person
ESD STM 97.1-2006
Similar to
Resistance to
Ground test,
but
incorporates
the human
body model
with ESD
footwear.
Performance Test Method
Testing Standards
ESD STM 97.2




The most important performance test of any ESD
control floor system
Floor Materials and Footwear-Voltage
Measurement in Combination with a Person
Established Test Method for the measurement of
the Voltage on a Person in combination with Floor
Materials and static control Footwear, shoes or
other devices.
In a given Application? “How does it Perform”
BVG Vs. Resistance
Qualification Tests
Testing Materials vs.
Testing Performance
Performance Test Methods
Importance of Testing Body Voltage
Generation (BVG)
ANSI/ESD S20.20-2007
Method 2 <100Volts (BVG)
Some Smart Phones
Contain a (BVG) Susceptible
Chip <25 v
GMR’s May Be Susceptible
to <10 Volts.
Floor Materials and Footwear-Voltage
Measurement in Combination with a Person
ESD STM 97.2-2006


Requires a “Charged Plate Monitor”
Works in conjunction with proper
ESD footwear.
S 97.2 Body Voltage
Utilizes a “Step” Pattern to Simulate Walking
Floor Materials and Footwear-Voltage
Measurement in Combination with a Person
ESD STM 97.2-2006
Chart Indicates Less Than 15 Volts BVG While Walking Through “Step Cycle”
ESD Solutions
A ESD floor can tie your
customer’s entire ESDControl program together
“Let’s take a Look”
Available Product Solutions
Bare Concrete
+
Conductive (<25,000 ohms)
-
Appearance
-
Dusts
-
Wears
-
Is Not Uniformly or Consistently
Conductive
ESD Waxes/Sealers
+ Effective temporarily
- requires routine re-application
Available Product Solutions
ESD Floor Mats
+ Very uniform ESD characteristics
+ Aesthetic appearance
- Require Positive Grounding Point
- Won’t take heavy point loads
- Only Work in Local Area
Available Product Solutions
Tile/Sheet Goods
+ Very uniform ESD characteristics
+ Aesthetic appearance
- Requires Routine Maintenance
- Won’t take heavy point loads
- Relatively high installed cost
Available Product Solutions
Rubber Sheet
+ Good Choice for Cleanrooms
+ Overall Cost Effectiveness
- Initial Expense
- Point Load Resistance
Carpet
Unsuitable for Industrial Environment
ESD Polymer Flooring
+ Seamless
+ Corrosion Resistant
+ Relatively Rapid Installation
+ Relatively Low Initial Cost, Ideal For Leaseholds
+ Will Resist Point Loading
+ Very Wide Variety of Colors & Finishes
Drawbacks…
- Aesthetics of Liquid Applied Coating
- Limited by Same Drawbacks of All Epoxy/Urethane
Flooring
•
Water Vapor Emissions
•
Concrete Condition
Quality-Control ESD
Criteria for Choosing
Polymer ESD-Control
Flooring

Performance (BVG)

Physical Properties (Durability)
 Aesthetics

Ease of Repair

Relative Cost
What types of ESD Polymer Flooring
Are On The Market?









Particulate Systems
Quartz Systems
Heavy Duty Systems
Epoxy
Urethane
Novalac-Epoxy
Water Base
Static Dissipative
Conductive
ESD -
Various Requirements/Materials
The Right Floor For The Job
Particulate Based ESD Flooring
System with ground plane offers even distribution of ESD
protection throughout the thickness of the floor
ADVANTAGES
 Very low BVG values ( ESD particulate floors can
be below 15 volts)
 Wear Layer is Electrically Reactive
 100% Solids Epoxy or Low VOC Urethanes
 Very easy and economical to repair
 The primers and intermediate coats can be
pigmented the same color
 Variety of Finishes and Colors
Particulate Based ESD Flooring
ADVANTAGES

Functions independent of
humidity

Cost-effective

Easy to install and maintain

Most Consistent Dissipation
Static Dissipative Systems
 Insulating Primer
 Conductive Epoxy Primer
 ESD Conductive System
ESD Topcoat
Conductive Primer
Insulative Primer
Concrete Substrate
Conductive Primer Insures High Conductivity, Uniformity of
Ground Plane
Static Dissipative Systems
 Insulating Primer
 Electrostatic Dissipative System
ESD Topcoat
Insulative Primer
Concrete Substrate
Insulating primer from substrate to prevent unreliable
substrate ranges from insulative to very conductive due to
moisture content of concrete near surface.
Fiber Based Epoxy ESD Systems
Generally Thicker Systems
Depend on Uniform
Distribution of Carbon Fiber
Sensitive to Application
Methods
Fiber Top Coat
Conductive Primer
Insulative Primer
Typical Fiber Wear Layer Floor
Electrical Performance
Fiber-Based Epoxy ESD
Design Properties





Older Technology
Non Aligning Wear Layer for Re-coatability
More Dependent on Relative Humidity
Prone to Inconsistent Electrical Properties
More Dependent on Applicator’s Skills
Particulate Based ESD Flooring
Epoxy ESD Control Flooring
Features

<15 Volts BVG Possible

Conductive range (2.5 x 10e4 to 1.0 x 10e6 ohms)*

Static Dissipative Range (1.0 x 10e6 to 1.0 x 10e9)*

Dissipate a 5,000 volt charge to 0 in less than 0.1 seconds

Maintains Conductivity throughout the entire thickness of system
 Abrasion,
impact and chemical resistant
* - Per EOS/ESD Standards
Technological Trends
Over Time
Technological Trends
“Smaller and Faster
Concept”
In time, Integrated circuitry has
become powerful and faster with each
innovation
The results will be smaller and more
convenient products for the consumer
Technological Trends
Moore’s Law: The Capacity of Electronic Devices
Doubles Approximately Every Two Years
In 1995 the 64-bit Processor Had 9.3 Million
Transistors
By 2001 the State-of-The-Art Processor had 40
Million Transistors
By 2015 Expected to Have 15 Billion
By 2020, Will Be in Molecular Scale Production,
Positioning Individual Molecules
Technological Trends
What Does the Future Hold?
Electronic chip sensitivity
thresholds and manufacturing
procedures create the need
for superior ESD protection
both now and in the future.
Technological Trends
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Technology Roadmap
With devices becoming more sensitive through the year 2010, it is
imperative that companies begin to determine the ESD capabilities of
their handling processes.

For people handling ESD sensitive devices, personnel grounding
systems must be designed to limit body voltages to less than 100 volts,
and in many cases less.

To protect against Machine Model ESD discharges, all conductive
elements that contact ESD sensitive devices must be grounded.

Finally, to limit the possibilities of a field induced CDM ESD event,
users of ESD sensitive devices should ensure that the maximum voltage
induced on their devices is kept below 50 volts.

Copyright © 2005 ESD Association
ESD Flooring as Part of an
Electrostatic Discharge Control
Program
ESD-Control Flooring
Remember That ESD Flooring Is Only One
Component of a Complete System
Testing and Connecting Devices
Traditional ESD Protection

Grounded Benches

Wrist Straps
 Air
Ionizers

Heel Straps

ESD Footwear
These alone are not enough!
ESD-Control Flooring
The Floor Ties The ESD System Together
Static Electricity
How Much Are Static Losses Costing Your
Customer?
As High as 10% of Annual Revenues
Average Negative Impact of 6%
More Than $85 Billion Per Year World Wide*
Direct Material Loss is Smallest Portion of
Total Cost
Rework, Burden and Overhead, Warranty
and Field Service and Customer Service and
Satisfaction Add to the Real Cost
*Based on 2001 Industry Study
Quality-Control ESD
Your Customers Have A Choice!
The Incremental Cost of Adding
ESD-Control to your Customer’s
Facility Floors Will Prove to be one
of the Best Decisions They Will Ever
Make.
Static Electricity
Static Control Program Benefits
Cost Benefits: Estimates for ESD damage is in the $4 billion
range for the US Electronics Industry


More reliable products, lower scrap rate

Greater customer satisfaction
The
Largest Generation of Static Electricity in any
Workplace is Caused by the Contact and Separation of
Floor and Footwear
The
Floor is the Largest Working Surface in Any Facility
Quality-Control ESD
Going Beyond the Need for an ESD Floor
An ESD-Control flooring system can
serve as a sales and marketing tool
for your customer when presenting
their organization to potential clients.
ICRI Fall Convention
Flooring Issues
Phoenix Arizona
Thank You