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Floppy Drive
Power Supply
CD-ROM
Open Bay
Ports and
Connectors
Open Bay
Open Bay
Expansion
board
Hard Disk
Memory
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Mother
Board
Expansion
Slots
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CPU
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BAYS
Open areas inside the computer base,
specifically designed to facilitate the
installation of additional equipment
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ELEMENTS OF A
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computer components
Input devices
Storage devices
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Output devices
MOTHERBOARD
M Board (System Board)
a Circuit Board Containing Electronic
Components of System Unit
Motherboard: The main circuit board responsible for checking that all the
other circuit boards are eating properly and wearing clean clothes.
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A Megabyte of Computer Jokes
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PORTS
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MICROPROCESSOR
AND THE CPU
Microprocessor - contains the central
processing unit (CPU)
Top View
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Bottom View
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SUB :
MOTHER BOARD OF COMPUTER
MOTHER BOARD OF PC :- Mother board is the most important
component in any PC . It contains almost every important parts of
the computer system.
Mother board normally contains the CPU or the brain of the
Computer , memory (ROM, RAM etc) and supports the circuits to
make the computer work. Mother board also contains many
expansion slots which we can connect various circuit board. These
circuit boards are used to connect different devices such as Monitor,
printer, scanner, key board, mouse etc with the computer.
This main board is called mother board because all other
circuit board , inside the computer are attached to this board ie it is
mother
of the all boards. CLICKTECHSOLUTION.COM
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Mother Boards/System Boards:-
A motherboard is a multi-layered printed circuit board.
Copper circuit paths called traces that resemble a complicated
roadmap carry signals and voltages across the motherboard.
Layered fabrication techniques are used so that some layers of
a board can carry data for the BIOS, processor and memory
buses while other layers carry voltage and ground returns
without the paths short-circuiting at intersections.
The insulated layers are manufactured into one
complete, complex sandwich; chips and sockets are soldered
onto this motherboard. For example the Intel Pentium 4
motherboard has got 3 PCI slot, 1 AGP slot and 1 CNR slot
(Comn /Net work riser ), Memory slots and other components
are marked
.
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Types of Motherboards
1.
Non-integrated Motherboards
Nonintegrated motherboards have each major assembly installed in the
computer as expansion cards. The major assemblies we’re talking about
here are items like the video circuitry, disk controllers, and accessories.
Nonintegrated boards can be easily identified because each expansion
slot is usually occupied by one of the components we just mentioned.
2.
Integrated Motherboards
Integrated motherboards are called that because most of the component
that would be installed as expansion cards is integrated into the
motherboard circuitry. Integrated system boards were designed for their
simplicity. Of course, there’s a drawback to this simplicity. When one
component breaks, you can’t just replace the component that broken; the
whole motherboard must be replaced. Although they are cheaper to
produce,
they are more expensive
to repair.
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Different types of mother boards are available in the
market as per form factors and features. These are mainly
two types
1. XT
(Extended Technology)
2. AT.
(Advanced technology )
XT is used in original IBM pc’s of the generation of
INTEL 8088 and 8086 processor etc.
AT system board are used from the services of
INTEL 80286 CPU and up to Pentium series.
Some advanced type are as fallows :Baby AT, LPX, ATX, NLX, MINI ATX.
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AT :- System boards are also classified by their form
factor (design): AT, ATX, or NLX different motherboard form factors
viz., the AT, baby AT, and ATX. The AT system boards are same as the
motherboards found in the original IBM AT in which processor,
memory, and expansion slots are all in line with each other. Because of
advances in technology the same number of components that were on
the original AT motherboard (now called as “full” AT board) were later
compressed into a smaller area.
AT is used to the most commonly used design, but it has some
fundamental problems. Because the processor and memory were in
line with the expansion slots, only one or two full-length cards could
be used. Also, the processor was far from the power supply’s cooling
fan, was directly attached to it..
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These motherboard form factors are usually
found in what are known as “clone” computers (those
not manufactured by Fortune 500 PC company). Some
manufacturers (e.g. Compaq and IBM) design and
manufacture their own motherboard designs, which
really don’t conform to either standard. This style of
motherboard is known as a proprietary design
motherboard. Basically, the components are laid out
differently than an AT or ATX, but it will work as a
PC.
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Motherboard Components
Now you know the basic types of motherboards and their
form factors, we take a look at the components found on the
motherboard and their locations relative to each other. many
of the following components found on a typical motherboard.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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10.
Expansion slots
Memory slots
Processor slots or sockets
Power connectors
On-board disk drive connectors
Keyboard connector
Peripheral port connectors
BIOS chip
CMOS battery
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Jumpers and
DIP switches
PROCESSOR (CPU):The main component of the mother board is the processor Chip which
controls the inner functions of the system. The Central processing Unit
(CPU) functions as the CPU is usually inserted in the socket and is not
soldered on to the mother board .
Eg :- CPU Chips are Intel 8086,8088, 80286, 80386,80486, Pentium,
Pentium MMX, Pentium-II, Pentium-III, Pentium-4 etc
CO- PROCESSOR:Co processor is a special purpose micro processor which is used to speed
up main processor by taking over some of the main processors work.
Main common type of co-processor is a math co processor helps main
processor in performing mathematical calculation
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Expansion Slots:
The most visible part of any motherboard is the expansion
slots. These look like small plastic “slots”, usually anywhere
from 3” to 11” long and approximately ½” wide. As their
name suggests, they are used to install various devices in the
computer to expand its capabilities. Some expansion devices
that might be installed in these slots include video, network,
sound, and disk interface cards.
three main types of expansion slots
1. ISA
(Industry Standard Architecture )
2 PCI
(Peripheral Component Interconnect)
3 AGP
( Accelerated Graphics Port )
Each type differs in its appearance and function, here you will learn how
to identify the different expansion slots on the motherboard.
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ISA Expansion slots:If you have a computer made before 1997, chances are the
motherboard in your computer has a few Industry Standard Architecture
(ISA) slots. They’re easily recognizable as they are usually brown and
have two parts, a shorter part and a longer part. Computers made after
1997 generally include a few ISA slots for backward compatibility with
old expansion cards
PCI Expansion Slots:Most computers made today contain primarily Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI) slots. They are easily recognizable as they are short (around 3” long)
and usually white, PCI slots can usually be found in any computer that has a Pentiumclass processor or higher.
AGP Expansion Slots:Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) slots are becoming more popular. In the past,
if you wanted to use high speed, accelerated 3D graphics video cards, you has to install
the card into an existing PCI or ISA slots. AGP slots were designed to be a direct
connection between the video circuitry and the PC’s memory. They are also easily
recognizable because they are usually brown, located right next to the PCI slots on the
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motherboard
and are shorter than CLICKTECHSOLUTION.COM
the PCI slots.
MEMORY :Memory or random access memory (RAM) slots are
the next most prolific slots on a motherboard, and they contain
the actual memory chips. There are many and varied types of
memory for PCs today.
Memory slots are easy to identify on a motherboard.
They are usually white; around 3” long, and placed very close
together
For the most part, PCs today use memory chips
arranged on a small circuit board. These circuit boards are
called Single Inline Memory Module (SIMMs) or Dual Inline
Memory Module (DIMMs), depending on if there are chips on
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one side
of the circuit board
or on both the sides, respectively.
BIOS
The BIOS is another very important part of
your computer that makes its home on the
motherboard. "BIOS" stands for Basic Input/Output
System. The BIOS provides an interface between the
raw PC hardware and the standard operating system,
it is firm ware and usually stored in ROM.
It is pronounced “Bye-os”. The BIOS also
contains program called power on self test or POST.
This POST program checks the mother board and
other devices connected to the computer during the
system power -On .
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It is common in computer design to
include a BIOS ROM for major sub
systems, such as video and drive control..
In general, a PC can be fitted with up to
five or more BIOS ROMs viz.





System BIOS (Motherboard BIOS)
Video BIOS
Drive Controller BIOS
Network adapter BIOS
SCSI adapter BIOS (Small Computer system interface)
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Chipsets:All the diverse support functions inside PC were
integrated into a few VLSI components individually termed
application specific integrated circuits or ASICs. These ASICs
are collectively called chip set.
The chipset on the motherboard is the most important
part of the board itself as it defines almost everything about the
system. The chipset controls the system and its capabilities. It
is the hub of all data transfer. It is a series of chips on the
motherboard, easily identified as the largest chips on the board
with the exception of the CPU. Chip sets are integrated,
meaning they are soldered onto the board and are not
upgradeable without buying a whole new motherboard.
For eg:Intel Mother board
chip set model 810, 845,
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915,945, 960 and 965 etc
Here is a small list of some of the items
that chipsets dictate:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Memory controller
Real-time clock
Keyboard and mouse controller
Secondary cache controller
DMA controller
PCI Bridge
7. EIDE controller (Extended Integrated drive
electronics)
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INTERRUPT :-
Interrupt is one of the most common
method for an external device to
communicate with the processor (CPU) .
The interrupting device generates an
interrupt signal to the processor to stop
processors normal function and provide
service to the interrupting device.
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Number of pins
or sockets
Male or Female
Common Applications
DB-9
9 pins
Male
Serial port
DB-9
9 sockets
Female
EGA/CGA vide port (Might
also be a Token Ring adapter
port)
DB-15 15 sockets
Female
If there are three rows of five,
it’s probably a VGA/SVGA
video adapter. If it’s one row
of eight and one row of seven,
it might be a network
transceiver port or, more
commonly, a joystick port.
DB-25 25 pins
Male
Serial port
DB-25 25 sockets
Female
Conne
ctor
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Most often a parallel port. On
Macintoshes, however, this
type of connector is used for
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the external SCSI bus.
RJ-11
4 pins
Male
RJ-12
4 pins
Male
RJ-45
8 pins
Male
Centronics36 36 pins
Centronics50 50 pins
Male
Male
Telephone wall
jack phone cord
Telephone hand set
cord
10-Base T Ethernet
cable
Parallel cable
SCSI connector
(Small Computer system
Interface)
DIN-6
DIN-8
6 sockets
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DIN-9
9 socketsCLICKTECHSOLUTION.COM
Female
Female
8 sockets Female
PS/2 mouse port
Macintosh printer
connector
Bus mouse port
Modems:
These allow you to connect to other computers via
phone lines. These things are what bring the Internet to your
screen, allowing you to even see this page. Modems are
considered tough to install because they need their own
COM port, but I've never had much trouble with it. Also,
modems have two phone jacks on the back of them. One is
for the line to the wall; the other is for you to plug your
phone into.
Sound Cards:
These cards let your computer produce awesome sound. They
are sometimes hard to install because of IRQ conflicts. In order to hear
anything, you need speakers as well. Plug the speakers into the back of
sound
cards. The nicer the
speakers, the better your sound card will
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sound.
Video Display Cards:A Video card provides the interface between your
computer and your monitor and transmits the signals that
appear as images on the display. The following list of
standards can serve as an abbreviated history of PC videodisplay technology:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter
HGC (Hercules Graphics Card)
CGA (Color Graphic Adapter)
EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter)
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
SVGA (Super VGA)
XGA (Extended Graphics Array)
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VGA and Super VGA
A standard VGA card displays up to 256 colors
onscreen, from a palette of 262, 144 (256KB) colors; when
used in the 640x480 graphics or 720x400 text mode, 16
colors at a time can be displayed. Because the VGA outputs
an analog signal, you must have a monitor that accepts an
analog input.
Super VGA provides capabilities that surpass those
offered by the VGA adapter. SVGA refers not to an adapter
that meets a particular specification, but to a group of
adapters that have different capabilities. The SVGA cards
look much like their VGA counterparts. They have the same
connectors, but because the technical specifications from
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different
vary tremendously.
Network Interface Cards
On most computers, the network interface
adapter takes the form of a network interface card
(NIC) that fits into a PCI slot on a desktop computer
or a PC Card (PCMCIA) slot on a notebook
computer. Although network cards are older systems
might use the ISA or EISA slot standards, these don’t
support high-speed network standards and are
obsolete. Many recent systems incorporate the
network interface adapter onto the motherboard, but
this practice is more commonly found in workstations
and portable computers and rarely in servers because
most network administrators prefer to select their own
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NICs.