Download Islam

Islam
(Intro Video)
SOL WHI. 8
Muhammad
• Born around 570 CE in a town called
Mecca.
• Considered to be the greatest PROPHET
of Allah (God) by Muslims.
• Founder of the Muslim religion of Islam.
Pictures of Muhammad
and Allah
God is supposed to be the focus, not Muhammad or
Jesus or anyone else.
Muhammad
• At the age of 40, Muhammad had a vision.
– The Angel Gabriel told him to be the
messenger of Allah (God) and spread the
message of Islam.
– Islam means submission – submission to
Allah (God).
• Muhammad began preaching the teachings
of Islam.
Muhammad
• The first person to convert to Islam was
Muhammad’s wife, Khadija.
• Once Muhammad began preaching about
Islam, people began feeling threatened and
ran Muhammad out of Mecca.
• In 622, he fled to Medina.
– This is known as the hijra.
• first year of the Muslim calendar.
Muhammad
• While in Medina, Muhammad found
believers and Islam spread rapidly.
• In 630, Muhammad led the people of
Medina into Mecca.
• There they would conquer Mecca and bring
Islam to Mecca.
• Muhammad would die in 632 after a brief
illness.
Historical Turning Points
• Slavery was not based on race.
• Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus.
– Trading centers before rise of Islam.
• Islamic capital moved to Baghdad.
– Capital moved several times, Medina to Damascus.
• Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours. 732 Charles
Martel halted the spread of Islam into Western
Europe.
Historical Turning Points
• Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols.
– Ferocious assault on the city in 1258.
They burned buildings and slaughtered
50,000 inhabitants, including a caliph.
– Caliph: Islamic ruler, political successor
of Muhammad.
Historical Turning Points
• Death of Ali
– He was elected the fourth caliph in 656 CE. He
was fatally stabbed by a disillusioned follower.
Murder led to a permanent schism in the Islamic
world.
– Schism: split in the Church
• Sunni/Shiite division
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAzQwwS-mCY
Islam the Religion
• Islam is a monotheistic religion like
Christianity and Judaism.
• The Qur’an or Koran, is the sacred text of
the Islam faith (comparable to the bible).
• Muslims believe in a final judgment for all
people.
• Muslims believe Judeo-Christian prophets
such as Moses and Jesus, but believe
Muhammad is the greatest prophet.
• Also believe in the five pillars of Islam.
Five Pillars of Islam Song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7pBGqM
vN0o
Five Pillars of Faith
• All Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of
Faith and hold them as sacred.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
One God
Daily Prayer
Alms (Charity) for the poor
Fasting
Hajj (religious journey)
One God
• Muslims believe that there is one God
whose name is “Allah”.
– Arabic word for God.
• Muslims also believe that Muhammad was
Allah’s messenger.
Daily Prayer
• Muslims believe they must pray at least 5 times a
day.
– Before sunrise, after sunrise, at noon, before sundown,
and after sunset.
• They face the city of Mecca when they pray.
• Often times they get together and pray in a
Mosque (Muslim Church).
Black Stone of Kaaba
Alms (Charity) to the Poor
• Muslims believe in giving back to the poor
and helping those who are less fortunate.
– Other religions share similar views for charity
to poor.
Fasting
• Muslims fast from sunrise till sunset during the
holy month of Ramadan.
• Ramadan is the holy season for Muslims, a time of
cleansing of the soul and sacrifice.
– 9th month of Islamic calendar
– Exception: ill, traveling, pregnant, breastfeeding,
diabetic or going through menstrual bleeding
– Refrain from consuming food, drinking liquids,
smoking, and engaging in sexual relations
Hajj
• Every Muslim must take a Hajj during their
lifetime.
• A Hajj is a religious journey back to the
holy land of Mecca.
– Muslims worship at the mosque in Mecca.
– Thousands of Muslims complete the Hajj each
year.
Five Pillars of Islam Song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7pBGqM
vN0o
Jihad (video)
• Many Muslims look at jihad, or effort in God’s
service, as another duty. It means a “struggle
within or struggle to introduce Islam to others”.
• Jihad is often translated as “holy war” because
of conquests that were made with military force.
Spread of Islam
• By 632, Islam began spreading across the
Arabian Peninsula.
• Following the death of Muhammad, the
Muslim people turned to the first caliph
(successor of Muhammad), Abu Bakr.
• Islamic armies under Bakr carried Islam
across the Byzantine and Persian Empires.
Spread of Islam
• Islam spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran,
and Central Asia, facilitated by weak
Byzantine and Persian empires.
• Brought Islam into Syria, Iraq, Persia,
Egypt, and Palestine by conquering these
lands.
• Expanded despite great distances, desert
environments, and mountain barriers.
Arabian Peninsula
Spread of Islam
Spread of Islam
• Islam continued to spread across Northern
Africa.
• By the early 700’s, Muslims were nearing
Europe.
• In 711, Muslims crossed the Strait of
Gibraltar into Spain and pushed north into
France.
Straight of Gibraltar
Spread of Islam (Video)
• In 732, The Muslims were defeated at the Battle
of Tours by Christians.
– Christian Armies were led by Charles Martel.
• This stopped the spread of Islam into Western
Europe, but Islam still remained strong in France.
Islamic Achievements
1) Language
• Arabic alphabet
• Qur’an was written in Arabic, this is the language that all
Muslims speak.
– Became the unifying language of the Middle East.
• Helped to facilitate (make) trade across Islamic lands.
• Translated ancient texts in Arabic.
Why did a unified (unite/bring together) language help
facilitate trade across the Islamic Lands?
Islamic Achievements
2) Mathematics
• Muslims adopted the Indian system of numbers
which utilized the concept of zero.
• Invented Algebra.
• Used math to build Mosques, survey land, design
pumps, and foundations.
Islamic Achievements
3) Science
• Chemist al-Razi identified diseases and created a
medical encyclopedia.
• Physician, Ibn Sina, described bodily functions and
diagnosed treatments for diseases.
Islamic Achievements
4) Literature
• Qur’an, first and greatest Islamic work, is still the
sacred text of Islam.
• “Arabian Nights” – collection of folk tales
– “One Thousand and One Nights” – another name
• Islamic civilization will also believe in the
importance of knowledge and construct
universities.
WISH – “One thousand and One Nights”
Islamic Achievements
5) Art and Architecture
• Calligraphy-elegant handwriting.
• Since the Qur’an banned representation of
living creatures, calligraphy was used for
decoration.
• Continued to create mosaics.
Islamic Achievements
• Mosques - Adopted the domes and arches
of the Byzantine architecture.
– Holy churches of Islam.
– Face Mecca – the holy city of Islam.
• Perhaps the greatest Islamic building is the
Dome of the Rock. (Observation Sheet)
Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock
Mosques
Mosques
Mosques
Divisions in Islam
• There are two main sects of Islam.
• This division began not long after the death
of Muhammad.
1) Sunni
• Believe the caliph (leader) should be chosen
by the Muslim community.
2) Shiite
• Believe the caliph should be a direct
descendant of Muhammad.
Divisions in Islam
• Sunni
–
–
–
–
90% of Muslims today.
Opposed to fighting
Toleration of others.
Believe in peace and harmony among people.
Divisions in Islam
• Shiite: also known as Shi’a.
• Shiites translate part of the Koran that deals with
jihad as holy wars, most Muslims translate this as
inner struggle.
• There are several divisions within the Shiite sect
itself.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAzQwwS-mCY
Famous Muslims
• Muhammad Ali – Professional boxer
• Kareem Abdul-Jabbar- professional
basketball player
• Louis Farrahkan – Supreme minister of
Nation of Islam, advocate for African
American interests
• Malcolm X – Civil rights activist
Terrorism and Islam
• Today many people associate Muslims and
Islam with terrorism. However, most
Muslims do not believe in jihad, terrorism,
or violence.
• The small minority that does believe in
these acts have given Islam an unfair
identity associated with terror.
Terrorism and Islam
• The instability of the Middle East has hurt
the credibility of Islam, however Islam is
still the fastest growing religion in the
United States.