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The Rise of Islam The Life and Teachings of Muhammad Deserts, Towns, and Travelers Arabian Peninsula Land almost completely covered by desert _________________________ Herded animals, leading them to fertile grounds called an oasis Nomads called _______________ ______ became important as the Bedouins began living in towns and cities By the early 600s, trade became an important activity in the Arabian peninsula ____________________________________ Deserts, Towns, & Travelers Trade routes through Arabia ran from the extreme south of the peninsula to the __________ and _________ empires to the north Brought not only goods, but ______ from the world outside of Arabia By early 600s, cities such as Petra and Palmyra had long been prosperous trading centers _________ ______, in western Arabia, became an important stop on the trade route During certain holy months, religious pilgrims would arrive with the trade caravans to worship at an ancient shrine in the city ___________________called ________ Arabs associated _________________, believer in one God Over the years, they introduced many gods and spirits At one time over 360 idols brought by many tribes Deserts, Towns, & Travelers The concept of the ____________, called ______ in Arabic, was not new to the Arabian Peninsula This tradition had long been followed by one group of people known as hanifs Many Christians and Jews lived in Arab lands and practiced monotheism (________________________) It was into this environment of Mecca, around A.D. 750, ___________ was born The Prophet ____________ _______________ Born into the clan of a powerful Meccan family Orphaned at the age of 6, raised by grandfather and uncle Received little schooling Worked with trade caravan as a very young man Became trader and business manager for ________, a wealthy businesswoman ________________________married when he was 25 Good marriage and business partnership ____________ of Muhammad Muhammad took great interest in ________ Spent much time alone in __________________ The Prophet Muhammad At the age of 40, Muhammad’s life changed overnight when he heard a voice while meditating in a cave outside of _____ According to Muslim belief, the voice is that of __________________ Gabriel told Muhammad he was a messenger of God Muhammad asked Gabriel, “What shall I proclaim?” Muhammad came to believe that ______________________________________________ Muhammad believes he is the last of the prophets Believes ________________________________ All other gods must be abandoned People who agreed with this basic principle of Islam were called _____, or “_________________________” In Arabic, Islam means “_____________________________” Muhammad’s first followers were his wife, Khadijah, and several close friends and relatives The Prophet Muhammad 613, Muhammad begins preaching publicly in Mecca Meccans believed Mecca would lose its position as a _____________ if people accepted Muhammad’s __________________ beliefs Some followers beaten or stoned in the streets The ____________ Facing hostility, Muhammad leaves Mecca in 622 and resettles in the town of _________, over 200 miles north of Mecca This migration became known as the _________ His migration attracted many devoted followers Yathrib later named ______, “__________________” In Medina, Muhammad displays leadership skills Agreement made between his people and the Jews and Arabs of Medina; creates a single community with ________________________ Muhamamd draws many more converts; ________________ Also acts as _________ leader in hostility between Medina/Mecca Returning to Mecca Muslims and Meccans battled against each other Many Bedouin tribes converted to _______ Mecca’s power as a city declined 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers march to outskirts of Mecca Facing defeat, Mecca’s leaders surrender the city and the Prophet enters in triumph Muhammad returns to _________ and declares, Muhammad destroys the idols in the Ka’aba and makes _______________ from the Ka’aba roof http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0_vnon5owE&feature=rel ated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLFYMkQPakE&feature=re lated Most Meccans pledge loyalty to Muhammad & many convert to Islam, thus joining the ________________________________ Muhammad dies two years later at age of 62 Had taken great strides in ______________________________ Beliefs and Practices of Islam There is only one God, ________ The ______________ To be a Muslim, all believers have to carry out five duties…these are known as the ________________________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ______: To become a Muslim “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” ______: 5 times a day facing toward Mecca; the call to prayer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoNPSEWn6aY&feature=related ______: all Muslims must support the less fortunate by giving alms, or money for the poor by paying a special religious tax ______: During the Islamic holy month of __________, Muslims fast by restraining from food or drink from dawn until sunset. A simple meal is eaten at the end of the day. ______: All Muslims perform the _____ at least once in a lifetime Wear identical garments so that all stand equal before God Beliefs & Practices cont… A Way of Life Muslims do not separate their __________________lives Certain customs, morals, and laws for Islamic society Forbidden to eat ____ or to drink _____________ beverages Friday afternoons set aside for communal worship and prayer; if able, Muslims gather at a Mosque to worship Every Muslim expected to worship God directly Religious class called the ulama where religious teachers study the words and deeds of Muhammad Sources of Authority ________ Will of Allah revealed to _________ through _______ in the form of the ________ Followers of Muhammad listened to prayers and teachings, memorized and recited the Revelations After his death, _________ recorded in the ________ The _________ Written in ______ (_____________________________) Only _______ is used in worship Wherever Muslims carried the Qur’an, Arabic became the ________________________________ Thus, Arabic language spreads widely as Muslim control expands Muhammad’s mission was to receive the Qur’an and to demonstrate how to live it _______, ____________________, best model for living _____ and ______ assembled to create body of law known as ________ System of law that regulates _______________________________________________ Does not separate ________ matters from criminal/civil _______ applies to all following teachings of the Prophet, thus creates sense of unity for all Muslims MUHAMMAD SAYS: GOOD GRIEF YODER! STOP LECTURING AND GIVE THESE GUYS SOMETHING TO DO!! THE “A FOR ALLAH” PROJECT WOULD BE A GREAT IDEA! SHOW THEM THIS VIDEO CLIP FIRST AND THEN HAND OUT THE ASSIGNMENT! CAN YOU HANDLE THAT YODER? The Spread of ______ Abu-Bakr elected as first _______ (__________________) Loyal friend of Muhammad, respected for devotion to Islam “Rightly Guided” Caliphs Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Referred to as “rightly guided” because they ___________________________________________________ Their rule was called a _____________ Abu-Bakr Used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad’s successors in the Muslim community Troops gained experience and became an effective mobile army By the time of his death, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia Umar Highly disciplined armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt (Byzantine) Also took parts of the Persian Empire The Spread of Islam Uthman & Ali Continued to expand Muslim territory both eastward and westward Gained support of conquered militaries and naval forces and used these forces to further conquests By 750, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles (from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River) 2x the distance across the U.S. (pg 263) Reasons for Success Well ____________________________________________ Tactics enabled them to overwhelm forces unaccustomed to their style of _________ Weakness in the two empires of North Arabia Long conflicts between ___________ and _______________exhausted the armies and allowed the Muslim army to invade their lands Persecuted people of the Byzantines and Persians often welcomed the invading Muslims seeing them as ____________________ Treatment of Conquered People Many people converted to Islam for two reasons _____________________________ _____________________________ Muslims allowed conquered peoples to retain their own ___________ Christians and Jews received special consideration Paid a ______________________________________ Christians/Jews not allowed to ______ their religion, but still played important roles as __________________________ Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis The ruling Caliph, Uthman, was murdered in 656 sparking a civil war Different Muslim groups began to struggle for control of the empire Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad is chosen as caliph In 551, Ali is assassinated and with his death, the _____________of choosing a caliph also dies The Umayyads Come to Power Set up ____________________________ Moved the Muslim capital to Damascus; made controlling conquered territories easier Abandoned simple life of previous caliphs and surrounded themselves with wealth This creates a split in the Muslim community _______________________ Most Muslims accepted Ummayyad rule; some did not _______- “party” of Ali; felt caliphs needed to be relatives of Muhammad ______ - those who did not openly resist Umayyad rule; meaning followers of Muhammad’s example _____ - reacted to Umayyad’s life of luxury by emphasizing a more spiritual way of life; helped keep Muslims focused on the Qur’an and tradition; later became missionaries in newly conquered lands The Abbasids Take Control In 750, rebel groups overthrow the Umayyads following vigorous religious and political opposition; the most powerful of these groups are the Abbasids; Abbasids murder the remaining Umayyads The Abbasids (750 - 1258) Controlled the lands of modern Iraq, Iran, and central Asia Built the city of Baghdad (southern Iraq) as their capital Used their location to control the rich trade between China and Europe al-Andalus One Umayyad prince escaped the murders and went to Spain; Muslims known as Berbers already living there The prince creates a Muslim state called al-Andalus Umayyads of al-Andalus (756 - 976) control parts of Spain and North Africa Sent diplomats to Charlemagne’s court in Europe Fatimid Dynasty (909 - 1171) One of many independent Muslim states that appeared during the rule of the Abbasids Named after Muhammad’s daughter, the Fatima Dynasty began in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria Although the Muslims were divided politically, all of the different communities were linked by ________________________________________________