Download Islam-Submission to Allah

By: Gail Hester
Geography of Arabia
• The Arabian Peninsula is at the
crossroads of 3 continents: Africa, Europe,
and Asia.
• Due to its location trade was important to
Arabia.
• Cultures of the Arabian Peninsula were
constantly in contact.
• The Middle East was a bridge between
Africa, Asia, and Europe.
• Goods were traded and Ideas exchanged.
• One set of Ideas would become a powerful
force in the world – the religion Islam
Geography continued
• Trade routes connected Arabia to the major
ocean & land trade routes.
• Merchants moved along caravan routes, trading
for goods from the Silk Roads of the east.
• They transported spices & incense from Yemen &
other products to the west.
• They also carried information & ideas from the
world outside Arabia.
• Most of the land is desert, only a tiny strip of fertile
land in south Arabia & Oman can support
agriculture.
• Therefore most people settle near an oasis or a
market town.
IslamAn Abrahamic
Religion
 Muslims are strict monotheists.
Muslim means “one who has submitted.”
Islam means “ submission to the will of
Allah.”


They believe in the JudeoChristian God, which they call
Allah. Allah means “God.”

Muslims believe that the Torah
and the Bible, like the Qur’an,
is the word of God.
Peoples of the Book
Abraham’s Genealogy
HAGAR
ABRAHAM
Ishmael
SARAH
Isaac
12 Arabian Tribes
Jacob
Esau
12 Tribes of Israel
The Prophetic Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
Muhammad
• Around a.d. 570 Muhammad was born in Mecca.
• His family was powerful.
• He was orphaned at age 6 and raised by his
grandfather and uncle.
• He worked in caravan trade.
• At 25 he began working as a trader & business
manager for Khadijah, a wealthy
businesswoman. She was about 40 years old.
• Later they marry.
• They had a good marriage and a good business
partnership.
The Origins of the Qur’an

Muhammad received his first
revelation from the angel
Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
He taught that Allah was the one God & all other Gods
must be abandoned.

Many Meccans believed his ideas would lead to neglect
of the traditional Arab gods. So they were hostile to
Muhammad.


622  Hijrah  Muhammad
flees Mecca for Medina.
630 Muhammad (the Prophet) and his followers return
triumphantly to Mecca. Most Meccans convert to Islam.


Muhammad’s revelations were
compiled into the Qur’an after
his death.
The Qur’an
 Muslims believe it contains the
word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah,
the compassionate,
the merciful.

Written
in Arabic.
Three main beliefs of Islam
1. There is only one God.
2. There is good and evil.
3. Each individual is responsible for
the actions of his or her life.
1. The Shahada – (Faith)
 The testimony

The declaration of faith:
There is no god worthy of
worship except God, and
Muhammad is His
Messenger [or Prophet].
1
2. The Salat – (Prayer)
 The mandatory prayers
performed 5 times a day:
* dawn
* noon
* late afternoon
* sunset
* before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
2
2. The Salat
 The call to prayer by the
muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.
2
3. The Zakat – (Alms)
 Almsgiving (charitable
donations). Giving money for the poor.

Muslims believe that all things
belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification”
and “growth.”

About 2.5% of your income.
3
4. The Sawm – (Fasting)
 Fasting during the holy month
of Ramadan.


Considered a method of selfpurification.
No eating or drinking from
sunrise to sunset during
Ramadan.
4
Eid Mubarak
End of the Ramadan holiday.
5. The Hajj – (Pilgrimage)
 The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a
Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the
pilgrimage
every
year.
5
5. The Hajj
 Those who complete the
pilgrimage can add the title
hajji to their name.
5
The Dar al-Islam
The World
of Islam
1
2
3
4
5
The Mosque
 The Muslim place of worship.
The Dome of the Rock
Mosque in Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rock
Muslims say this is the site where Muhammad ascended to
heaven. Jews identify the same rock as the site where
Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac.
Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 Up to four wives allowed at once.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.
Ulama – religious teachers who apply the
words & deeds of Muhammad to everyday life

Sunna – Muhammad’s example or model for
proper living.


Sharia  body of Islamic law to
regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam:
* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.
Links to Christianity & Judaism
• To Muslims Allah is the same God that is
worshipped in Christianity & Judaism.
• Jesus is viewed as a prophet, not the son of
God.
• All believe in one God, Heaven and Hell, and a
day of judgment.
• Muslims, Christians, & Jews trace their ancestry
to Abraham.
• Jews & Christians are called “people of the
book.”
• Islamic law requires Muslims to extend religious
tolerance to Christians and Jews.
Essential Question:
Why was Islam
able to spread so
quickly and convert
so many to the
new religion?
The Spread of Islam

Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of
the Book,” were allowed religious
freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Easily “portable”  nomads & trade
routes.

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans
and other non-believers (“infidels”).
• Review | 'After the Prophet': The
unending story of Shiite-Sunni
conflict
• Shi'ite, Sunni Split Feeds Iraq
Conflict
• Video clip
Images of Sunni and Shia Violence
Chapter 10 Section 2
page 269 Islam Expands
• Muhammad died in 632
• Muhammad had not named a
successor.
• The Muslim community elected AbuBakr (a loyal friend of Muhammad)
as their leader.
• A caliph is a successor or deputy.
• Abu-Bakr became the first caliph
in 632.
• The rule of a Caliph is called a Caliphate.
• Abu-Bakr & the next 3 elected caliphsUmar, Uthman, & Ali – all had known
Muhammad.
• They used the Qur’an & Muhammad’s
actions as guides to leadership.
• They are known as the “rightly guided”
caliphs.
• “Rightly Guided Caliphs” knew
Muhammad and followed the Qur’an.
• After Muhammad’s death, many tribes
abandoned Islam and refused to pay
taxes. Abu-Bakr instituted the Jihad to
justify the spread of Islam.
• Jihad means striving and refers to:
1. inner struggle against evil.
2. armed struggle against
nonbelievers.
Reason for success of the
“Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• Muslim armies were well disciplined and
expertly commanded.
• Byzantine and Sassanid empires were
exhausted militarily due to a long period
of conflict.
• Persecution of those who did not accept
Christianity or Zoroastrianism.
People who were attracted to
Islam
• Islam offered equality and hope in this
world.
• Economic benefit for Muslims of not
having to pay a poll tax.
• Qur’an forbade forced conversion.
• Allowed conquered people to practice their
own religion.
• As “people of the book” Christians &
Jews received extra considerations.
Internal Conflicts Create A
Crisis
• After the assassination of several
successors, the elective system of choosing
a caliph was lost.
• The Umayyads took over.
1. Moved the capital to Damascus.
2. Muslims of Arab descent were
upset because this was far from
their home.
3. Surrounded themselves with wealth.
Sunni-Shi’a Split
• Three groups emerged: Shi’a means
“party of Ali”, Sunni means followers of
Muhammad’s example, and the Sufi
rejected the wealth and luxury of the
Umayyads and lived a simple life of
poverty and devotion.
• The Shi’a outwardly resisted the rule of
the Umayyads, because they thought the
caliph needed to descendant of the
Prophet.
The Sunni-Shia Split
-It’s All About Family-
Khadija
First Wife
Prophet
Muhammad
Fatima
The Sunni-Shia Split
-It’s All About FamilyAbu Bakr
Abu Talib
Muhammad’s Uncle
Friend and Early Convert
Khadija
(First Wife)
Ali
Muhammad’s Cousin
Prophet Muhammad
Fatima
Aisha
The Sunni-Shia Split
-It’s All About Family-
Hassan
2nd Imam
Fatima
Ali
1st Imam
Hussein
3rd Imam
Zaynab
Ali Zain Al-Abideen
4th Imam
All Other Imams
Descend from this
Line.
Umm Al-Kaltum
Muhammad’s Succession
• 632- Muhammad dies, leaving no
confirmed successor*
• Disagreement among clans on who will
lead the faith- bloodline (Ali) or the one
most capable
• The Ummah (the Islamic community)
elects Muhammad’s father-in-law (through
his wife Aisha) Abu Bakr to lead the faith.
He becomes the first Caliph - the leader of
the Ummah.
Basic Differences Between
Sunni and Shi’a Muslims
SUNNI
• Believe that the first 4
caliphs were “rightly
guided”
• Believe that Muslim
rulers should follow the
Sunna, or Muhammad’s
example
• Claim that the Shi’a
have distorted the
meaning of various
passages in the Qur’an.
• 83% Muslims
SHI’A
• Believe that Ali,
Muhammad’s son-in-law,
should succeed
Muhammad.
• Believe that all Muslim
rulers should be
descended from
Muhammad; do not
recognize the authority of
the Sunna.
• Claim that the Sunni have
distorted the meaning of
various passages in the
Qur’an.
• 16% Muslims.
The Abbasid Caliphate
• In 750 the Abbasids defeated the Ummayyads.
• Moved the capital to Baghdad, in central Iraq.
• Developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the
affairs of the empire.
• A treasury kept track of the money flow.
• They taxed land, imports, & exports, & nonMuslims’ wealth.
• Did not keep complete political control of the
empire and other small caliphates spread.
Muslim Trade Network
• 2 major sea-trading networks.
• Sea trade through the Mediterranean Sea
and the Indian Ocean.
• Land trade along the Silk Road; China &
India were connected to Europe & Africa.
• The language of trade was Arabic, money
was the Abbasid dinar.
• Set up banks and letters of credit called
sakks. *In Europe, sakk was pronounced
“check.” Thus, using checks dates back
to the Muslim Empire.
Muslims in the World
Today
Four Social Classes
a. Upper Class – Muslims at Birth.
b. Second Class – Converts to
Islam.
c. Third Class – “protected people”,
Christians, Jews, &
Zoroastrians.
d. Lowest Class – Slaves
e. Muslims are supposed to pray directly
to Allah.
Learning Center of Abbasid
Empire: House of Wisdom
• Located in Baghdad.
• Combination library, academy, &
translation center.
a. Scholars translated scientific and
political texts into Arabic those
include the works of Plato & Aristotle
and helped preserve European
culture.
Medical Advances
• Ibn Sina (980 – 1037) – Persian physician
& philosopher noted for his Canon of
Medicine, a standard medical textbook
used in Europe until the 17th Century.
• Al Razi – greatest physician of Muslim
world. Wrote medical encyclopedia called
the Comprehensive Book, also wrote
Treatise on Smallpox & Measles.
Muslim Scholarship
• Muhammad believed strongly in the power
of learning.
• Astronomy – developed from the need to
fulfill 3 of the 5 Pillars: Fasting during
Ramadan, performing the hajj, & praying
toward Mecca. Muslims needed a correct
lunar calendar to mark Ramadan & the
month of the hajj. Studying the skies
helped fix location of Mecca. Knowledge
of the stars also guided Muslim traders.
Math & Science
•
Ideas Muslim scholars introduced to modern math &
science, 2 stand out:
1.
Reliance on scientific observation & experimentation.
2.
Ability to find mathematical solutions to old problems.
*Muslim scientists preferred to solve problems by conducting
experiments in laboratory settings.
c. Science – not logical reasoning, but conducting
experiments to solve problems,
d. Math - invented math technique called al-jabr, today called
algebra.
e. Astronomy - book called Optics that revolutionized ideas
about vision that were used to develop lenses for
telescopes.
Muslim Art
a. Muslims believe only Allah can create life,
images of living beings were discouraged.
b. Woodwork, glass, ceramics, & calligraphy (art of beautiful
handwriting) flourished.
C. The greatest example of cultural blending is Architecture
where Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim, & Greek ideas
were used.
Countries with the Largest
Muslim Population
1. Indonesia
183,000,000
6. Iran
62,000,000
2. Pakistan
134,000,000
7. Egypt
59,000,000
3. India
121,000,000
8. Nigeria
53,000,000
4. Bangladesh
114,000,000
9. Algeria
31,000,000
10. Morocco
29,000,000
5. Turkey
66,000,000
* Arabs make up only 20% of the total
Muslim population of the world.
Muslims in America
Muslim Culture in NYC
The Islamic Center, New York City