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• Monotheistic • 1.3 billion followers • Founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula in the 600s • "Islam" means "surrender" or "submission," which implies that a believer fully accepts the will of Allah, or God • Mosque is the place of worship • Holy book is the Qur’an (Koran): • Comprised of divine revelations dictated to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel from about 610 until Muhammad's death in 632. • Muslims believe that the Quran in the original Arabic is the literal word of Allah transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad (the Messenger) for humanity Arabic script on a leaf of the Koran, the holy book of Islam. Koran means "recitation" in Arabic, and the spoken Qur’an is believed to be the word of Allah as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. To Muslims, the Koran is the final testament of divine law. 1. Faith: Profess a belief in Allah (God) 2. Prayer: Muslims must pray five times daily facing Mecca (the holiest city in Islam) 3. Charity: Muslims must pay the zakat, an obligatory tax on possessions and cash. 4. Fasting: Muslims must fast during daylight hours during Ramadan, the ninth month of the lunar calendar. 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca: Muslims should make this journey at least once in their lifetime called the hajj if they have the health and wealth to do so. • Small shrine located near the center of the Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. • Muslims orient themselves toward this shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj • Hijrah, also spelled Hejira or Hijra (“Flight” or “Emigration”), the Prophet Muhammad’s migration (622 ce) from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecution. The date represents the starting point of the Muslim era. • Eid al Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice) • 4-day-long Muslim celebration of the Koranic story of Abraham, who was asked by God to prove his devotion to Him by sacrificing his son. • Coincides with the conclusion of the hajj • Season of Ramadan ends with festivities called Eid alFitr. (Fast-Breaking) • For 3 or 4 days, people visit one another and exchange gifts and food. • Shiism • Shiites (Shias) believe that the prophet Muhammad designated a successor—his son-in-law Ali—and that Ali's descendants are the only rightful Islamic leaders • Emerged in opposition to the political dominance of Sunnism in most areas • Sunnism • Believe that the leadership of Islam passed from Muhammad in the seventh century to the caliph (religious leader) elected from Muhammad's tribe. (Any good Muslim male could be the caliph) • 700s-1300s • Wealth from trade and commerce helped to make it possible • Advances in learning • Translation of ancient works into Arabic • Arabic numerals, algebra • Improved tools for astronomical observation • Advancements in optics • Hospitals with adjoining medical schools and libraries • Treatment was free to all citizens. • Used anesthesia • • • • • • • • • • • "Arabian Peninsula, 1990." Map. World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. "Arabic script on a leaf of the Koran." Image. Multimedia Library. World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. "Feast of the Sacrifice." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. "Hijrah." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2015. Web. 28 Oct. 2015. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/39809>. "Islam." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. "Islam." Britannica Elementary Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. Murphy, B. Keith, and Sherifa Zuhur. "Koran." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. Mecca: pilgrims on the hajj filling the Great Mosque. IMAGE. Encyclopædia Britannica. Web. 28 Oct. 2015. <http://media1.school.eb.com/eb-media/45/61345-004-1BAE9C8D.jpg>. http://www.maps101.com/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&id=200%3Aramadan%3A -fourth-pillar-of-islam&cid=2%3Ageography-in-the-news Prophet's Mosque. Photograph. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. <http://www.school.eb.com/eb/art-120246>. "Shiism." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. "Sunnism." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.