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THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD
The Dark Ages
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Early Middle Ages- few advances or developments
Why: Invasions, language barriers and decline in:
trade, education, population, cities
Europe goes from one government (Rome) to many
that change frequently with wars
The Franks
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Germanic people in central Europe
Clovis- leader, converted to Christianity
Charles Martel
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ruler of the Franks in 719 AD
expanded kingdom, defeated
Muslims
After Martel, the Pope names
Pepin (Martel’s son) kingbegan Carolingian rule.
Charlemagne
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b/cm king in 771
largest empire since
Rome
crowned emperor
set up counties, ruled by
a count (wealthy noble)
The count collected
taxes, tolls, built forts, led
armies
stressed educationschools in monasteries.
Charlemagne crowned by the Pope
Monasteries and Convents
Religious communities est.
by the Church
*Monasteries- ran by monks
*Convents- ran by nuns
*Religious centers w/
schools & libraries
Pope Gregory I – declared
Church was responsible
for all Christianity
NEW INVADERS
The Vikings
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from Scandinavia
aka Northmen or Norsemen
worshipped war gods (Odin, Thor)
attacked Cent. Europe w/
“longboats” (go up rivers to
shallow water)
experts - long sword & battle axe
took land in Iceland, France and
England
colonies in Iceland, Greenland
and Russia
Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call
Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring
voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next
250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D)
and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular,
became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic
to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the
Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for
just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L).
The Vikings
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1000 AD - Leif Erikson led
settlers to North America
(Canada), they called it
Vinland
Vikings lived in N. America
about 10 years, 500 years
before Columbus
The Magyars
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great horseback
riders - fierce
warriors from the
East (Hungary)
attacked towns &
monasteries
took slaves
Europe Looks for Help
 Invaders
caused panic - people
looked for protection – turned to
local kings
FEUDALISM
Political / social system
 King granted a fief (land) to nobles (lords) for services,
loyalty, protection
 Nobles granted land to knights for protection
 Knights granted land to peasants for service
CHIVALRY
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Code of conduct and idealsincluding loyalty, bravery,
purity, kindness, honesty,
generosity
Fight for God, his king, lord
and lady
Rules for fighting, treating
prisoners and treating women
Women worshipped
Troubadours praised women
in poems & songs.
CHIVALRY
FEUDALISM
KNIGHTHOOD- began training
age 7, b/cm squire at age 15
Care for horses, learn to fight, clean armor &
weapons, cook, serve
*Laziness punished w/ beatings
Older knight “dubbed” young knight
Knights would fight for their lords
Tournaments for practice
Competitions in sword, axe, mace
Jousting most popular
Each knight had a Coat of Arms
FEUDALISM
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SERFS- bound to the land,
could not leave
Worked the fields, built
roads, bridges, fences,
castles
Made payments to the lords
for protection
Harsh life - long days
Ate bread, some vegetables
Animals pulled in the house
at night
Disease, life expectancy- 35.
THE CASTLE
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Built for defense from
invaders
High walls- could be 8-12
ft. thick
Towers for observation
Villagers, food & animals
brought inside during
attacks
Castle Siege
attack on a castle
could take weeks
Weapons- siege tower,
battering ram, trebuchet
and mangonel
Items shot over the wallspots of burning lime,
boulders, human heads,
diseased cows, dead
horses, prisoners
THE CHURCH
Headed by the Pope or Pontiff
-Papacy- office of the Pope
(Cardinals, Archbishops)
-Clergy- church officials
-Bishops- supervised priests
-Priests- performed marriages,
baptisms, mass, sacraments
-Tithe- 1/10 of income
-Canon Law- law of the Church.
Power of the Pope
The Pope could use:
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Excommunication- kicked out of the Church
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Interdiction- ban sacraments
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Deposition- declare a king is no longer king
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Otto I (Otto the Great) (936-973)
ruled Germany & Italy, supported by
the Pope, defended the empire
Kings & Popes Collide in power
struggle
Pope Gregory VII vs. King Henry IV
Pope banned Henry from appointing
Church officials
Henry called the Pope a “false monk”.
Henry excommunicated, waited 3 days in
snow before forgiven.
Pope more powerful
PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH
Priest marrying, having
children (out of wedlock)
Selling church positions
Bribery
Kings appointing bishops
Gambling, drinking,
illiteracy
CHURCH REFORMS
Education
Banned marriage for
clergy
Oath of celibacy
Friars (traveling
monks) spread the
word of God
The Rise of Islam
Islam
Muhammad: Founder of
Islam
Islam: "surrender to Allah“
Muslims: followers "those who
submit to god's will"
Quran: holy book writings/expressions of
Muhammad
Islam
Five Pillars of Islam
*”There is only 1 God and His name is Allah”
*prayer facing Mecca – 5 times a day
*give to the poor
*fasting during Ramadan
*hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
Islam
Jihad: a "holy war"
Muhammad and his successive caliphs (Muslim
rulers) waged “jihad” to spread Islam over Persian
Empire, Egypt, India, North Africa, Spain
1453 - conquered Constantinople took control of the
Eastern Roman Empire
Islamic Empire: Muslim countries threatened to
crush Christian Europe
THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”
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The Pope declared war
on “infidels” (Turks &
Muslims) who occupied
Holy Land/Jerusalem
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Pope hoped the knights
would stop fighting each
other & fight the Muslims
THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”
First Crusade (1097)
50,000+ knights marched
to Constantinople
wearing red crosses
2nd attack captured
Jerusalem, Edessa,
Tripoli and Antioch
Second Crusade
Edessa fell into Muslim
control Christians lose
Jerusalem
THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS”
Third Crusade
“The Three Kings Crusade”
-Philip Augustus - France
-Frederick I “Barbarossa” Germany
-Richard the Lion-Hearted England
 tried to recapture Jerusalem.
Philip went home - Barbarossa
drowned - Richard fights
Muslim king Saladin.
Christians gain the right to
visit the Jerusalem
5 later Crusades most
unsuccessful.
THE CRUSADES
TOWNS AND TRADE
AGRICULTURAL BOOM
Europe warms
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horses plow 2Xs faster
than oxen
3-field system- plant 2/3, let
1/3 rest
More food – more people
The 3 field system OR “Crop rotation”
TRADE BOOM
more people - more trade
# artisans increased
Towns fairs- buy and sell
*Guilds- artisans (bakers,
glassmakers, tailors,
druggists, etc.)
To control wages, prices,
standards for products
TOWNS / TRADE BOOM
TOWNS- most about 2,000
people
Paris had 60,000.
Towns formed on trading routes
Towns not well designed- no
sewers or running water,
animal / human waste in the
street
Most towns controlled by the
merchants & businessmen.
LEARNING BOOM
Universities in Europe [Paris,
Bologna (Italy) and Oxford
(England)]
Scholars (scholastics) –
teachers - studied in
libraries of the Middle East
studied Greek & Roman
works
Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer (“The
Canterbury Tales”)
Dante (“The Divine Comedy”)
ENGLAND vs. FRANCE
NORMAND INVASION
William the Conqueror- led
Normandy (northern France)
Invaded England
*October 14, 1066- The Battle of
Hastings- William defeated
Harold of the Saxons
claimed England & gave away
English land
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ENGLISH GOVERNMENT
*The Magna Carta- “Great
Charter” King overtaxed the
people, they revolted, King
forced to accept
trial by jury, no taxation without
representation
Parliament est. to make laws
US govt.- based on Magna Carta.
The Great Schism
DIVIDED CHURCH
Philip IV of France arrested the Pope and
elected French pope
Two Popes
Italian Pope Urban VI
French Pope Clement VII
Popes excommunicated the other
1417- Schism over w/ Pope Martin V
Challenges to the Pope
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus – Bible &
Jesus are the authority - not the pope,
clergy shouldn’t live in luxury
Hus- burned at the stake
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE
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From Asia, Mongols carried the disease (shot diseased
bodies over city walls)
Italian merchants carried plague to Europe
*The Carriers- fleas on black rats, bacteria called
Yersinia Pestis
What were the symptoms of the plague?
The Black Death
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Swelling boils called buboes
Skin turned red, purple, black
Skin decayed and smelled
High fever, delirium
Death in 5-7 days
The Fear - cause unknown
Treatment unknown
Dirty towns were rat breeding
grounds
Cures - blood letting
Blamed volcanoes, earthquakes,
Jews
Effects of the Plague
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1347 to 1353 over 35
million died
Trade declined - inflation
Peasants revolts
Church lost followers
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)
ENGLAND & FRANCE
Both claimed Northern France
English Edward III claimed French
crown- war followed
*Battle of Crecy (1346)
English used longbow- arrows
pierced armor, traveled 300 yards,
French lost 1/3 of army
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)
*Battle of Poitiers- French
(35,000+) outnumber English
(7,000) - English win w/ long
bow
*Battle of Agincourt (1415) – 6,000
English vs. 30,000 FrenchEnglish archers won again
Treaty- King Henry V of England
to b/cm king of France after the
death of Charles VI
Joan of Arc
France desperate
-peasant girl of 13 had
-visions & heard voices of saints
-told her to drive English from
France and make Charles VII
king.
-Joan convinced Charles VII to let
her lead an army
Joan of Arc
*May 7, 1429- Joan attacked an
English fort near Orleans- had to
retreat on the 1st attack. 2nd
charge- won
French took Orleans, saved Paris
Charles VII was crowned king
Joan of Arc
Joan captured, turned over to the Church, found guilty
of heresy & witchcraft, burned at the stake 1431
End of Middle Ages
Knighthood & Chivalry over
Joan was made a Saint in 1920