Download Islam - CLIO History Journal

Rise of Islam
What is Islam?
• A monotheistic religion
founded by Muhammad
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Basic Beliefs of Islam
1. One God: (Allah= Arabic world
for God
2. Judgment Day
3. Acceptance of prophets,
including Moses and Jesus
4. Muhammad was the last
prophet by God
Founding of Islam
• 570 AD
Muhammad born
in Mecca (Makkah)
The Prophet
Muhammad
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Founding of Islam
• 610 AD Muhammad was told by
a vision of the angel Gabriel that
he would be a prophet so began
preaching in Mecca
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Muhammad
receiving
the message
from Gabriel
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Founding of Islam
• Islamic religion spread from
Mecca to Medina along trade
route
• 622 AD: Muhammad fled to
Medina (Madinah) because of
threats to his life
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Spread of Islam from Mecca to
Medina 570 AD to 622 AD
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Founding of Islam
• 630 AD: Muhammad returned
to Mecca and was accepted
• 632 AD: Muhammad died in
Medina (Madinah)
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Five Pillars
• As part of the Islam, all true
Muslims must perform five
duties:
1. Affirmation of faith
2. Prayer
3. Almsgiving
4. Fasting
5. Pilgrimage
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Affirmation of Faith
• The duty to recite the creed:
“There is nothing worthy of
worship save Allah, and
Muhammad is the Messenger
of God”
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Prayer
• The duty to pray to God five
times each day (facing Mecca)
“The rewards for the prayers which
are performed by people assembled
together are double of those which
are said at home.”
From The Sunnah
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Almsgiving
• The duty to give away alms and
to help the needy
“A man's giving in alms one
piece of silver in his lifetime is
better for him than giving one
hundred when about to die.”
From The Sunnah
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Fasting
• The duty to keep the fast of
Ramadan
“A keeper of fasts, who does not
abandon lying and slandering, God
cares not about his leaving off eating
and drinking.”
From The Sunnah
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Pilgrimage
• The duty to visit Mecca at least
once in a lifetime
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Quran (Koran)
• Islamic Holy Book
“Read the Qur'an constantly; I
swear by him in the hands of
whose might is my life, verily
the Qur'an runneth away faster
than a camel which is not tied
by the leg.”
From The Sunnah
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Holy City: Mecca
• Mecca
(Birthplace of
Muhammad)
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Spread of Islamic
Civilization
Where did Islam spread?
Islamic religion spread
rapidly over great
distances: Syria, Iraq,
Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia,
Spain, Asia Minor, Russia,
and India
Why??
• Quran instructed them to
spread their faith.
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Expansion
• 635 AD: Muslim Conquest of
Damascus, Syria
• 637 AD: Muslim Conquest of Iraq
• 638 AD: Muslim Conquest of
Jerusalem
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Expansion
• 641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt
• 649 AD: Muslim conquest of
Persia
• 718 AD: Iberian Peninsula
(Spain and Portugal) mostly
occupied by Muslims
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Expansion ceases
• 732 AD: Battle of Tours
–**Muslims were defeated**
and Islamic expansion into
Europe stopped
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Tours is
a city
located
in
France.
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11th Century
• Turks seize most of Asia
Minor from Byzantine
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13th Century
• Tatars conquer Russia,
converted to Islam
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1453
• Fall of Constantinople to
Ottoman Turks, End of
Byzantine Empire
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The Split in Islam
Split of Islam
• 656 AD - two groups split over
how the religious leaders
should be chosen;
• Shi’ite (Shi’a)
• Sunni
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SHIITE (Shi’a)
• Mostly in Iraq & Iran
• Thought leader must be
related to Muhammad through
his daughter Fatima & Ali
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The 12 Imams, believed to be
descendants of Muhammad
daughter Fatima and son-in-Law
Ali and the infallible true leaders
of Islam.
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SUNNI
• Majority of Muslims
• Leader should be any devout
Muslim that the Muslims would
accept
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Shi’a v Sunni
• Two groups fought each other;
Sunni won & began the 1st
Muslim Empire: The Umayyad
Empire
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Umayyad Empire (661- 750AD)
• Sunni influenced.
• Official language = Arabic
• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria
(strategically located).
• Conquered land to the Indus
River (Pakistan), North Africa, &
Spain
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Islamic expansion ceases
UMAYYAD EMPIRE
EXPANSION CEASES
FOLLOWING LOSS AT
THE BATTLE OF TOURS
IN FRANCE (732AD)
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Abbasids vs. Umayyad
• Abbasids defeated Umayyad
in 750 AD
– Built a new capital in
Baghdad, Iraq
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The non-shaded region shows the
Abbasid Caliphate
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The Muslim World fractures
Beginning in 800 AD Islamic Empire began to break
up and by 1000 AD only controlled area around
Baghdad.
Fracture to Autonomous Dynasties:
• Faced internal problems such as; financial, political,
social, and military
• Local governors act independently to central
authority
• Local authorities begin to act as individual provinces
or states
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Cultural Contributions
• Architecture (ex: Dome of the
Rock, mosques)
• Islamic Civilization preserved and
extended ancient Greek, Persian,
and Indian Learning
• Mosaics
• Arabic alphabet
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Dome
of the
Rock
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Mosque in Istanbul
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Islamic
Mosaics
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Cultural Contributions
and Achievements
• Universities
• Translation of ancient texts
into Arabic
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Students in the ancient Islamic
University
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Scientific achievements
• Arabic numerals (adapted from India),
including zero
• Medicine
• Expansion of geographic knowledge
• Astronomy
• Algebra
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Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis)
Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis),
the father of modern
surgery, performed
surgeries under inhalant
anesthesia, and invented
the plaster and many
surgical instruments.
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Pioneered the preparation of
medicines by sublimation
and distillation =
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pharmacology
Medicine
• Al-Razi– Chief physician at hospital in Baghdad
– Compiled a huge medical encyclopedia,
explaining diseases so doctors could tell them
apart.
• Ibn Sina
– Scholar and doctor
– Wrote the textbook Canon of Medicine
– Used in Europe until 1650
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Mathematics
• Al-Khwarizmi
– Compiled Arabic math
book, Algebra
– Developed Algebra
– Also worked in the field
of astronomy and
geography
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A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra
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Geography
• Al-Idrisi
– Cartographer, geographer, Egyptologist
– Sent people to countries to study geographic
features
– Developed more accurate maps
The Tabula Rogeriana,
drawn by al-Idrisi in1154,
one of the most advanced
ancient world maps.
Modern consolidation,
created from the 70
double-page spreads of the
original atlas.
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