Download Islam and the Islamic Caliphate

The Rise Of Islam
The Life of Muhammad
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
570-632 A.D.
Born in Mecca
Belief: Message by
Allah (Allah = God)
Holy text became
the Qu’ran (Koran)
Muhammad:
Founder of Islam
Islam = Submission
to the will of Allah
Those who practice
Islam are called
Muslims
Muhammad seeks
to teach others.
After three years, he
had only 30
followers!
• Muhammad leaves
Mecca and goes to
Yathrib (Medina)
• Eight years later, the
number increased to
10,000.
• He returns to Mecca and
takes over.
• Converts the rest of the
population.
• How does Muhammad
compare to Jesus?
The
Significance of
Medina
The Significance of Mecca
• Mecca, Saudi Arabia
• Islam's holiest city
• Birthplace of the
prophet Muhammad
• Over a billion
Muslims around the
globe face Mecca in
devout prayer
Holy pilgrimage
• The Qur’an dictates that all
Muslims in good health
with adequate finances
must make a pilgrimage
(called the Hajj) to Mecca
at least once in their
lifetimes.
• About two million
Muslims (from some 100
countries) make this
religious journey each
year.
What are they going to see?
• Mecca's sacred black
Ka'bah (see photo).
• Outdoor, near-cubic
structure is draped in
black
• It housed the holy
Black Stone that
Muslims believe was
given by heaven to the
prophet Abraham.
• The Ka'Bah is
surrounded by the
Great Mosque, which
in turn is encircled by
the city of Mecca.
Aerial View of Mecca
Basic Ethical Code of the
-Five Pillars of Islam1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Belief in Allah and in
Muhammad as his
prophet
Standard prayer five
times a day and public
prayer
Observation of the holy
month of Ramadan (the
9th month in the Muslim
calendar) “Fasting”
If possible, making a
pilgrimage to Mecca
Giving alms to the poor
and unfortunate
Basic Ethical Code
•The Shari’ah is the
Islamic system of law.
Unlike the western world,
the Shari’ah did not
separate church and state.
•Much of the guidelines
came from the Qur’an.
Guidelines under the
Shari’ah
•Muslims were forbidden
to gamble, eat pork, drink
alcohol, or engage in
dishonest behavior
•Marriages were arranged
•Contacts between
unmarried were
discouraged
•Men could have more
than one wife as long as
they could adequately
provide for them.
Islam After Muhammad
• When Muhammad died, there needed to
be a sucessor.
• After much debate, the new leader
appointed, was his father in-law, Abu
Bakr
• Abu Bakr was named Caliph (leader of the
Islamic community)
• Abu Bakr continued with jihad as
Muhammad did.
• According to the Qu’ran, jihad means
struggle or striving in the way of (Allah).
• The concept of Jihad is left up to
numerous interpretations.
• Jihad is often translated as holy war
• Bakr will help expand the Arab Empire
• He will die two years after being named
caliph.
• Ali, Muhammad’s son in law, was chosen as the
caliph.
• There was a great dispute about Ali being chosen.
• Ali is the central figure at the origin of the schism
that led to Shia/Sunni split.
• Schism means a division of a group into opposing
factions. (This is similar to the different branches of
Christianity.)
• Shia Muslims feel that Ali should have been the first
caliph and that the caliphate should pass down only
to direct descendants of Muhammad
• The death of Ali: A supporter murders him, but
motive is left unclear.
• The next caliph: Mu’awiyah Umayyad (oo-my-ad)
Who is the next leader?
Sunni and Shia Muslims
• Sunni Muslims are the
largest denomination of
Islam.
• The caliph should be
chosen by Muslim leaders.
• Shia Muslims are second to
the Sunnis in denomination.
• The caliph must be a
descendant of the prophet
Muhammad.
ISLAM OVERVIEW
Muhammad & Four Caliphs
Seljuk Turks
• Establish a Sultan- “Holder
1. Abu Bakr
of Power”
2. Umar
• Turks will take over a great
3. Uthman
portion of the Byzantine
4. Ali
Empire
Umayyad Caliphate • The Byzantine Empire will
• Mu’awiyah Umayyad
call for help from the West.
• Move capital city from
Medina to Damascus, Syria
• Moors are Muslims from
North Africa who settled in
Spain.
Ibn Sina
Devised medical textbook used
until 1650 in European
Universities
Contributions
In c. 800 AD the mathematical
discipline of Algebra
was created.
Be familiar with other Islamic
contributions in the text book as
well.