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Muhammad Proclaims a New Faith A brilliant and militant new civilization rises out of the Arabian desert Triumphant return • 630 CE: Muhammad and his “Muslim” followers enter Mecca – after their 8 year exile in Yathrib • aka Medina Key words • • • • • • • • • • Islam Muslim (Moslem) Prophet Quran (Koran) Mecca Medina (Yathrib) Pillars of Islam Hijrah (Hegira) Kaaba (ka’ba, etc.) caliph • jihad – Greater – Lesser • Sunni • Shi’ite • Umayyad – Damascus • Abbasid – Baghdad • Sharia Holy city • Right: Mecca – as it would have appeared around the time of his birth (below) Mecca (cont.) • Note the ka’aba in the background – at the center of the city First marriage • c. 595 • Khadijah Divine intervention • c. 610 • Muhammad and the angel Gabriel The Hegira • Flight to Yathrib – 16 July 622 (Year One) • Note that Muhammad’s head is covered…. The first Muslims • Early followers of the Prophet pondering his words at Yathrib – aka Medina • Muhammad gave daily recitations of the messages he believed came from Allah – which his followers faithfully recorded The Book of Books • The Qur’an – 114 chapters (suras) An intense monotheism • Right: the Koranic script representing the one God • “There is one God, and Muhammad is his prophet.” Daily prayer • Islam’s “Second Pillar” Military leader • The Muslim army is here seen advancing toward battle with the Meccans at Badr (624) • Other battles – Mount Uhud – Battle of the Ditch Jihad • A very powerful concept Return to Mecca • What policies did Muhammad adopt that allowed him to gain the general support of the people of the city? – including the leading merchant families Dome of the Rock • Muhammad is believed to have risen to heaven from this spot Successors • Muhammad and the “rightly guided caliphs” – – – – Abu Bakr Umar (Omar) Uthman Ali • Sunni and Shi’ite Muhammad’s Arabia The Islamic Empire