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The Three Empires Rise of New Islamic Empires The Collapse of the Mongols in 14th and 15th centuries… Led to the rise of three new Islamic empires: Ottoman Empire 1300-1918 NW Anatolia in 1300 Egypt and Syria 1516-1517 Algeria and Tunis Belgrade, Rhodes and Vienna Major Rival— VENICE! The Ottoman Empire at Its Height, 1566 Battle of Mohacs Ottoman Helmet •Likely belonged to Suleiman the Magnificent (who expanded Empire to a golden age, of sorts) •Turban-like in shape •Symbolic of Ottoman diversity (many different ethnic groups and languages) and military might Janissaries •Ottoman infantry •Originally Christian •Often taken from Christian homes in the Balkans •Trained militarily and in Islam at Ottoman training schools •Fought largely on foot Ottomans– Big Picture Founded on Anatolia circa 1300 Expanded to Eastern Europe, N. Africa, Balkans, and part of the Middle East Sunni Islam Unwilling to build a strong navy which left them out as major players in Indian Ocean Trade (though, the strongest navy of the three gunpowder empires!) Empire rested on military power led by the sultan; eventual changes in military and Janissary structure led to ultimate internal weaknesses Suleimaniye Mosque Safavid Empire 1501-1722 Ismail I 1501—Shah and Shi’ism as religion Qizilbash warriors (Turkish) support Ismail 1507 raids against the Ottomans Abbas the Great (15871629) Renewal of trade and importance in trade (yet no navy!) Safavid Shah with Attendants This painting by Ali-Quli Jubbadar, a European convert to Islam working for the Safavid armory, reflects Western influences. The artist used light and shadow to model the faces of the Safavid Shah and his attendants and musicians. The Shah's waterpipe indicates the spread of tobacco, a New World crop, to the Middle East. (Courtesy of Oriental Institute, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg.) The Safavid Empire Safavids Culturally, similar to Ottoman empire (though not quite as diverse) Concealment of women Isolated from other parts of the Middle East due to Shi’ism (rest of Middle East Sunni, largely) Silks and carpets = important manufactured goods Eventually fell to Afghan invaders in 1722 Mughal Empire 1526-1800s Period of grandeur Timur (Mongol) defeats Delhi Sultanate in 1398, and descendants create the Mughal empire by 1526 Babur– 1st leader of Mughals Akbar (grandson)– expanded empire; accepted Hindus The Taj Mahal Akbar on Elephant Akbar made himself the center of a short-lived eclectic new religion (Divine Faith) and sponsored a court culture in which Hindu and Muslim elements were mixed. Not only was Mughal rule a time for increased acceptance of Hindus, women were, arguably, better treated. •Discouraged sati •Discouraged child brides Taj Mahal Mughal Decline Largely due to: Internal decay and European encroachment •Wars to conquer southern portions of India •Costly projects out-of-hand (i.e. the Taj Mahal) •Corrupt bureaucracy •Tax system disadvantaged the poor •Military technology unable to match new European modernization •Later emperors are less accepting of Hinduism and Sikhism Mughals– Big Picture Founded by Babur; grew under Akbar and ended up encompassing much of present-day India Prospered through trade (leaned on Europeans for naval support) NO NAVY and no merchant mariners Hybrid of Islam and Hinduism Internal decay and European encroachment led to decline Role of Islam/Religious Tolerance Ottomans Sunni empire 1516 (capture of Mecca & Medina) Generally tolerant Safavids Shi’ite empire Forcibly convert Mughals Sunni empire Maintain good relations with Hindus Had Christian missionaries Renaissance Leaders Ottomans Architecture—Topkapi Palace, Faith mosque Calligraphy Poetry Safavids Poetry Architecture Mughals Architecture Learning European Colonization in Indian Ocean to 1750 Summary The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires spanned a period of Islamic history in which the isolation of medieval times - when small dynasties struggled to control small amounts of territory - gave way to the interdependence of modern times. Between them, these three empires covered the entire Islamic world, with the exception of West Africa and Southeast Asia, and they ushered in a new age of global trade and communication, as all three established new relations with European powers. Equally significant, all three pioneered the use of artillery in warfare, thus helping to change the way battles were fought for centuries to come. Finally, each empire left its own imprint on the Islamic world, through such varied issues as architecture, treatment of non-Muslims, and consideration of Sunni vs. Shi'a issues. Click to add title http://www.taj-mahal.net/blackLarge.htm
