Download Five Pillars of Islam

The Rise Of Islam
The Life of Muhammad
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570-632 A.D.
Born in Mecca
Belief: Angel Gabriel
delivered a message by
Allah
Revelations were
written down
Holy text became the
Qu’ran (Koran)
Muhammad: Founder
of Islam
Islam = Submission to
the will of Allah
Those who practice
Islam are called
Muslims
Muhammad seeks to
teach others.
After three years, he
had only 30 followers!
• Muhammad leaves Mecca and
goes to Yathrib (Medina)
• Eight years later, the number
increased to 10,000.
• He returns to Mecca and takes
over.
• Converts the rest of the
population.
• Muhammad dies two years later,
but not without impact.
• His return was instrumental in
the spreading of Islam.
• How does Muhammad compare
to Jesus?
The Significance of Mecca
• Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Holy pilgrimage
• Islam's holiest city
• The Qur’an dictates that all
Muslims in good health
• Birthplace of the prophet
with adequate finances
Muhammad
must make a pilgrimage
• Over a billion Muslims
(called the Hajj) to Mecca
around the globe face
at least once in their
Mecca in devout prayer
lifetimes.
five times daily.
• About two million
Muslims (from some 100
countries) make this
religious journey each
year.
What are they going to see?
• Mecca's sacred black
Ka'bah (see photo).
• Outdoor, near-cubic
structure is draped in
black
• It housed the holy Black
Stone that Muslims
believe was given by
heaven to the prophet
Abraham.
• As they pray, many
pilgrims are shoulder-toshoulder as they circle the
Ka'Bah.
• The Ka'Bah is surrounded
by the Great Mosque,
which in turn is encircled
by the city of Mecca.
Aerial View of Mecca
The
Significance
of Medina
• Medina, Saudi Arabia
• The second holiest
city
• The city of the
prophet
• Medina is significant
as the city to which
Muhammad fled
when he was initially
driven out of Mecca as
well as the place
where he attracted his
first followers.
Basic Ethical Code of the
-Five Pillars of Islam1.
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Belief in Allah and in
Muhammad as his
prophet
Standard prayer five
times a day and public
prayer
Observation of the holy
month of Ramadan (the
9th month in the Muslim
calendar) “Fasting”
If possible, making a
pilgrimage to Mecca
Giving alms to the poor
and unfortunate
Basic Ethical Code
•The Shari’ah is the
Islamic system of law.
Unlike the western world,
the Shari’ah did not
separate church and state.
•Much of the guidelines
came from the Qur’an.
Guidelines under the
Shari’ah
•Muslims were forbidden
to gamble, eat pork, drink
alcohol, or engage in
dishonest behavior
•Marriages were arranged
•Contacts between
unmarried were
discouraged
•Men could have more
than one wife as long as
they could adequately
provide for them.
Islam After Muhammad
• When Muhammad died, there needed to
be a sucessor.
• After much debate, the new leader
appointed, was his father in-law, Abu
Bakr
• Abu Bakr was named Caliph (leader of the
Islamic community)
• Under Abu Bakr, the Islamic movement
began to grow.
• Abu Bakr continued with jihad as
Muhammad did.
• According to the Qu’ran, jihad means
struggle or striving in the way of (Allah).
• The concept of Jihad is left up to
numerous interpretations.
• Jihad is often translated as holy war
• Bakr will help expand the Arab Empire
• He will die two years after being named
caliph.
• Ali, Muhammad’s son in law, was chosen as the
caliph.
• There was a great dispute about Ali being chosen.
• Ali is the central figure at the origin of the schism
that led to Shi’ite / Sunni Muslims.
• Schism means a division of a group into opposing
factions. (This is similar to the different branches of
Christianity.)
• Shias/Shi’ite Muslims feel that Ali should have been
the first caliph and that the caliphate should pass
down only to direct descendants of Muhammad
• The death of Ali: A supporter murders him, but
motive is left unclear.
• The emergence of Mu’awiyah Umayyad (oo-my-ad)
• Umayyad will create a hereditary caliphate in his
name.
• Thus created the Umayyad Dynasty
Who is the next leader?
Sunni and Shia Muslims
• Sunni Muslims are the
largest denomination of
Islam.
• The caliph should be
chosen by Muslim leaders.
• They also believed that the
Qu’ran was the only guide
they needed between Allah
and his followers.
• Shia Muslims are second to
the Sunnis in denomination.
• The caliph must be a
descendant of the prophet
Muhammad.
• They also believed a person
had to act as a guide between
Allah and his followers.
ISLAM OVERVIEW
Muhammad & Four Caliphs
1. Abu Bakr
2. Umar
3. Uthman
4. Ali
Umayyad Dynasty
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Mu’awiyah Umayyad
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Hussein, Ali’s second son,
will attempt to rise up
against the Umayyad
Hussein and his army of
72, will be slaughtered
Move capital city from
Medina to Damascus, Syria
Set up city in Spain
(Cardoba)
Moors are Muslims in
Spain.
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Abbasid Dynasty
• Built capital city in Baghdad, on the
Tigris River
• Continued extension of Islam
• Decline of moral values lead to
another takeover
Seljuk Turks
• Take over and establish a Sultan“Holder of Power”
• Turks will take over a great portion
of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern
Roman Empire) -Islam out West• The Byzantine Empire will call for
help from the West.
• Next focus will be the West, and the
two worlds colliding.
Ibn Sina
Devised medical textbook used
until 1650 in European
Universities
Contributions
In c. 800 AD the
mathematical
discipline of Algebra
was created.
Challenge of the rise
of Islam
•The greatest threat came
from the Seljuk Turks
(Remember them?)
•The Byzantine Empire
will lose key battles forcing
new emperor, Alexius I to
ask for support.
•This support will
eventually lead to what is
called, “The Crusades”.
The Byzantine Empire
and Islam