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The Spread of
Islam
Chapter 9
Section 2
Pages 262-267
Islam after Muhammad’s Death
The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the
Muslim community. Who would lead the group and keep it
unified? The answer affected the faith’s spread and its future.
Muhammad’s
Successors
• Muhammad had not
named successor
• No clear candidate
• Abu Bakr, close
companion, early
convert, chosen
leader, called caliph,
“successor”
Priorities
Expansion of
Territory
• Abu Bakr focused
on bringing back
bedouin tribes
• Abu Bakr,
successor Umar,
expanded Muslim
rule rapidly
• Built strong Arab
fighting forces to
keep tribes under
control
• Reunified Arabia,
led forces north
• 637 early victory
against Persian
forces in Iraq
• 642 victory over
Persian Empire
complete
More Expansion
More Expansion
• After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire
to west
• Byantines first lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem
• 639, Byzantine province of Egypt fell; 642, rest of Nile Valley
under Arab rule
Empire
• Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had
created empire
• Conquests continued under later caliphs
• 661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in west to Persia
in East
More Expansion
Internal Conflict and Division
• Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of
Abu Bakr, caliph
• Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali
• 644, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca
clan Umayyad
Civil War
Ali’s Troubles
• Umayyads had been
Muhammad’s enemies,
converted reluctantly, were
unpopular
• Uthman killed by rebels
• Ali became caliph, but
troubles had just begun
• Civil war broke out between
Ali’s forces, Umayyad; Ali
killed, Umayyad retook
control
Sunnis and Shias
• Most Muslims accepted
Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya
• Called Sunnis, “followers
of the Sunna,” or “way of
the Prophet”
• Ruled contrary to belief in
equality
• Ali’s supporters refused to
go along with Umayyads.
• Became known as the Shia,
“party of Ali”
The Shia and Imams
Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s descendants
• Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs
• Shia called each of Ali’s successors imam
–
Imam means “leader”
–
For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an.
Conflict
• Conflict deepened between Sunni, Shia after deaths of
Mu’awiya, Ali
• Many thought Yazid, Mu’awiya’s son, successor, not a good
Muslim
• Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn, led rebellion against Yazid
• Husayn, forces defeated in battle at Karbala, Iraq
Further Division
• Husayn killed while holding infant son, battle became
known as the martyrdom of Husayn; split between Sunni,
Shia has remained bitter
• Third group developed within Islam—the Sufis
• Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with God, using
range of practices including breath control and meditation in
rituals
Find the Main Idea
What was the result of the succession
conflict?
Answer(s): Two different Muslim groups
emerged—the Sunni and the Shia
The Umayyad Dynasty
Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. Internal
problems weakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their
fall.
Continued Expansion
• Umayyads strengthened
rule after death of Husayn
• Achievements:
– Established Arabic as
official language
– Made coinage uniform
throughout empire
– Began first great work of
Islamic architecture,
Dome of the Rock in
Jerusalem
Military Conquests
• Armies conquered territory
to borders of China, Indus
River Valley, to east
• Took northern Africa, most
of Spain, to west
• Conquests spread Muslim
faith, while allowing
religious freedom for
People of the Book; some
restrictions, taxes for NonMuslims however
Ruling the Empire
• Umayyads strengthened central government as caliphate grew
in size
• Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power, privilege
unavailable to those they conquered
• Creation of privileged class conflicted with strong Muslim ideal
of equality
• Wars over succession also upsetting to many faithful, unhappy
with emphasis on political ambition
Ruling the Empire
End of the Umayyads
• Displeasure with Umayyads
widespread
Rebellion
• Also unrest among conquered
people, some Arab tribes
• Abbasids, led by
descendant of Muhammad’s
uncle, united many Umayyad
opponents by appearing to
support their causes
• Umayyads weakened by
discontent, time ripe for
rebellion
• Abbasids wiped out
Umayyads in series of
battles, late 740s
• Shia continued opposition
• Caliphate entered Abbasid
dynasty
Sequence
What events brought about the end of the
Umayyad dynasty?
Answer(s): A family called the Abbasids took
advantage of discontent with the Umayyads and
established a new caliphate.
The Abbasid Dynasty
Baghdad
Persian Influence
• Abbasids relocated capital of
caliphate; rulers lived in
splendor
• Move to Baghdad beginning
of end of Arab domination of
Muslim world
• Chose Baghdad, on Tigris
River, in present-day Iraq
• Abbasids adopted Persian
style of government
Government
Change in Islam
• Rulers cut off from people
• Nature of Islam changed
• Caliph hidden behind screen
in throne room, could not be
seen
• Abbasids invited all to join in,
turned Islam into universal
religion, attracted people of
many cultures
• Used Persian officials; vizier,
deputy, oversaw affairs of
state
A Changing Culture
Importance of Trade
• Islam spread through trade
• Muslim traders journeyed
from end to end of
caliphate, exchanging
goods and information
• Exchange brought Islam to
West Africa, Southeast
Asia
Funding for Change
• Trade helped fund cultural
achievement
• Most prominent Abbasid
caliph, Harun al-Rashid,
helped bring culture to great
heights, 786 to 809
• Support of scholarship
helped produce lasting
achievements of Islamic arts,
sciences
Contrast
How did the Abbasids differ from the
Umayyads?
Answer(s): The Abbasids focused more on
prosperity and cultural advancement than on
empire expansion.
The End of Unity
As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the
900s, a number of small, independent states broke away from
the caliphate.
Challenges from Europe
• European Christians
weakened Muslim rule
• Christian armies began to
drive Muslims out of Spain,
1000s
• European Christians began
Crusades
– Wanted to make Holy Land
Christian, won at first
– Muslims eventually retook
Jerusalem
Problems from Egypt
• 969, serious threat, Fatimid
dynasty established in
Egypt
• Claimed descent from
Muhammad’s daughter
Fatimah
• From Egypt, controlled
Mediterranean, Red Sea
• Disrupted Abbasid trade
• Fatamids soon richer, more
powerful than Abbasids
Seljuk Turks and Others
Seljuk Turks
• Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including Turks
• 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad
• Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph
War Against Byzantine Empire
• Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went to war
against Byzantine Empire, defeated Byzantines at Battle of
Manzikert
• Seljuks would go on to create own empire
Mamluks and Mongols
• 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria
• 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph;
caliphate finished
• Islam still a vital force, spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia
Summarize
What forces ended the unity of the
caliphate?
Answer(s): Abbasids lost political power when
small independent states broke away.
GROG 9.2
Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic
organizer by writing two important facts about
key eras in the spread of Islam.
Society and
Culture
Chapter 9
Section 3
Pages 270-274
Bell Ringer 9.3
Write a paragraph in which
you describe the
succession issues facing
the Muslim community after
Muhammad’s death.
Society and Culture
Main Idea
For the first Muslims, Islam was more than a religion. It was a
guide to political, social and cultural life. The early Muslims
responded with spectacular achievement in many fields.
Reading Focus
• What were some key features of Muslim society?
• What were some of the accomplishments of Muslim
scholarship?
• What were some of the contributions to the arts made by
Muslim artists?
Muslim Society
Islam affected almost all aspects of daily life, providing
guidance on how Muslims should deal with many issues.
The Family
• Islam set forth roles within
family
Women
• Rights of women varied from
clan to clan prior to Islam
– Man head of family
• According to Qur’an, women
equal to men before Allah
– Men could have
several wives
• Women could inherit property,
seek divorce in some cases
– Husbands supposed
to treat all wives
equally
• Played vital roles
– Rights of women,
children protected
• Lost status in Abbasid
dynasty
– Went into battle
– Influenced politics
Slavery
• Islamic texts also addressed slavery, common in Muslim Empire
• Qur’an did not condemn slavery, required slaves be treated
fairly
• Freeing slaves praised as religious act
• Treatment of slaves improved, but remained part of society,
economy
Economy
• Economic life of Muslim community built largely on
commerce
• Merchants followed trade routes east, west across Arabian
Peninsula
• Traders developed practical business methods, spread use
of coinage, standardized weights, measures, extended credit
• Trade provided much of wealth to maintain empire, spread faith
Identify
What are three aspects of life that are
addressed in Islamic texts?
Answer(s): family life, slavery, and trade
relationships
Muslim Scholarship
Learning added to Muslim cultural unity. Scholars made
essential contributions in several fields. Many later European
intellectual achievements grew out of the work of Muslim
scholars.
A Culture of
Learning
Vastness of
Caliphate
• Scholarship
thrived in the
Muslim world
• Caliphate vast,
included many
different cultures
• Islam
commanded
followers to
examine their
world, seek
evidence of Allah
in its wonders
• Particularly
influential were
Greek, Persian,
Indian
civilizations
Contributions
• Translation into
Arabic of works of
ancient Greece
• Much work took
place at House of
Wisdom,
maintained by
government at
Baghdad
Valuable Contributions
Translations
• Through translations from
Greek, texts from Hippocrates,
Euclid, Galen, Ptolemy made
available to new audiences
• Texts stimulated further study
throughout Muslim world
• Influence of texts extended to
Europe; eventually translated
into Latin, made available to
European scholars
Muslim Spain
• Exchange point for much of
knowledge
• Muslim scholar of Cordoba, Ibn
Rushd wrote commentaries on
Aristotle
• His work on relationship
between reason, faith
influenced not just Muslim but
also Jewish, Christian thinking
into the 1400s
Astronomy
Discoveries
• Muslim scholars explored astronomy, some stars still bear names
given by Muslim discoverers
• Astronomy came to Muslim world through texts from Persia, India
Almagest
• Most important influence on astronomy, Ptolemy’s work, first
translated into Arabic 800s
• Described movements of heavenly bodies, gave tables for
predicting paths
Astronomy
Astronomers
• Muslim astronomers built observatories; helped create calendar still
in use
• Muslims needed to predict phases of moon to plan religious
festivals
• Perfected astrolabe, used in navigation to plot positions of stars,
planets
Mathematics
Muslims also made advances in mathematics
•
From India, adopted symbols 0 through 9
•
Making its way to Europe, this system became known
as Arabic numerals
•
Algebra and trigonometry also came from Muslim
thinkers
Medicine and Beyond
• Medicine highly developed in the Muslim world
• Doctors in Baghdad had to pass rigorous tests in order to
practice
• Baghdad had world’s first school of pharmacy
• Muslim doctors developed many skills, including eye surgery
• Scores of different instruments invented, perfected
• Ibn Sina most well-known medical scholar of time
Other Fields of Study
• Geographers made many strides
• Empire included many different
lands, people
• Pilgrims needed to find way to
Mecca, travel guides written
• One geographer measured earth’s
circumference with much accuracy
History
• 1300s, Ibn Khaldun wrote
history of world
• Historians still interested
in comments
• Warned against basic
errors like bias, praising
rulers too highly in order
to gain favor
Summarize
What were some of the fields in which
Muslim scholars excelled?
Answer(s): astronomy, medicine, mathematics,
philosophy, history
Arts and Literature
Artistic Expression
Islamic Art
• Like scholarly life, Muslim artistic
expression rich, varied
• Muslim artists worked in range
of materials, wood, metal,
ceramics, textiles
• Developed distinctive features,
influenced by many cultures in
vast empire
• Religious art does not contain
human, animal figures
Idolatry
Patterns, Designs
• Believed portraying people,
animals could tempt worship
• Avoidance of figures led to
use of geometric patterns,
floral designs
• Worshipping anyone,
anything besides Allah the
worst possible sin
• Intricate design known as an
arabesque
Calligraphy
Another distinctive feature of Islamic art,
calligraphy—beautifully styled writing
•
Artists who produced copies of Qur’an sought perfection
in reproduction of word of Allah
•
Artful representation of words became central part of
Islamic art
•
Calligraphy appears on walls of mosques, adorns many
household objects
Muslim Architecture
Architecture in Muslim world also developed
distinctive features
• Several forms, plans for building mosques developed
• All have features in common
– Minarets, tall towers from which faithful called to prayer
– Domes
• Some show Persian, Turkish influence in designs
Literature
Qur’an
• Most significant written work in Islam is Qur’an itself
• Clear style, message have won millions of converts to the faith
• Influenced later development of Arabic language
Nonreligious works
• Arabian Nights tells how beautiful young woman saved herself and other
women from murderous caliph
• The tales were collected over time, include contributions from many countries
Poets
• Produced works in several different languages
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi’s Persian language poems of 1200s still recited today
• Omar Khayyam’s The Rubaiyat celebrates simple pleasures
Identify Supporting Details
What are some features that identify Islamic
art?
Answer(s): use of geometric patterns and floral
designs, calligraphy
GROG 9.3
Using your notes, fill in the
interactive graphic organizer by
recording details of Islamic
society and culture
Kingdoms of West
Africa
Chapter 10
Section 3
Pages 295-301
Bell Ringer 10.3
Write and deliver a brief speech
in which you summarize the
major achievements of Muslim
scientists and scholars.
Crash Course
• Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa: Crash
Course World History #16 YouTube#action=share
The Kingdoms of West Africa
Main Idea
The expansion of trade across the Sahara led to the
development of great empires and other states in West
Africa.
Reading Focus
• How did trade contribute to the rise of Ghana?
• How did strong rulers build the empire of Mali?
• What were the greatest achievements of the Songhai Empire?
• What other societies arose in West Africa?
Empire of Ghana
Trade was vital to the societies of West Africa. That region
produced valuable resources—notably gold—that brought high
prices. By the 800s, rulers of Ghana had used the wealth from
these products to create a huge, powerful empire.
The Rise of Ghana
• Ghana had many
resources, but
location delayed
development as
trading empire
• Had no easy
access to sea
• Sahara desert
blocked overland
trade routes
Desert Travel
• First few centuries
AD, North African
traders learned how
to cross Sahara
• Traveled in large
caravans with camels
• Camels did not need
much water, could
survive trip across
harsh desert
Goods for Gold
• Once traders began
crossing Sahara,
Ghana became key
player in African trade
• Berber traders traded
food, hard goods,
copper, salt for gold
• Ghana traded salt to
people in south,
where salt scarce
A Trading Empire
Control
• 800 AD, Ghana controlled nearly all trade of salt, gold in subSaharan Africa
• Capital, Koumbi-Saleh, located between Ghana’s gold mines,
desert trade routes, was preferred trading place
Salt Taxes
• Ghana’s kings built great wealth taxing goods brought to
empire’s markets
• Majority of taxes charged on salt: charged fee for each load of
salt brought into Ghana from north, larger fee for each load
exported to south
A Trading Empire
Gold Supply Scarce
• Gold not taxed the same; taxes might discourage traders
from buying gold
• To keep gold prices high, kings ruled only they could own
large gold nuggets
• Others could only own gold dust; kept location of gold
mines secret
• This kept supply of gold scarce; kept market from being
flooded
Kings of Ghana
Money from trade, taxes allowed kings to live lavish lifestyle
• Luxury surrounding kings described by Muslim writer who
visited Ghana:
– “He sits in a pavilion around which stand ten pages
holding shields and gold-mounted swords: and on his right
hand are the sons of the princes of the empire, splendidly
clad and with gold plaited into their hair.”
• Ghana’s kings also used wealth to build up huge army
when needed
– Used army to conquer other peoples in area
– Captured people sold as slaves to Muslim traders
Ghana’s Decline
Attempts at Expansion
Results of Conflict
• Mid-1000s, Ghana’s empire
rich and powerful
• Almoravids controlled capital
temporarily
• King tried to expand to north
into lands controlled by
Almoravids, a Muslim Berber
kingdom
• Ghana’s empire was
weakened
• King unable to deal with
rebellion in part of empire
• Attempt led to long war
• In 1076, Almoravids
captured Koumbi-Saleh,
Ghana’s capital
• Soon Ghana fell into decline;
new empire took its place
Summarize
How did the kings of Ghana become
wealthy?
Answer(s): by taxing salt and gold, by controlling
the price of gold
Mali Empire
After Ghana’s decline, no one kingdom controlled trans-Saharan
trade. In the 1230s, the empire of Mali rose to power on the
same territory. Mali expanded to the Atlantic Ocean and became
a wealthy and sophisticated empire.
Rise of Mali
• Founders of Mali, Malinke had
been active in Ghana’s gold
trade
• 1230, grew frustrated with
policies of neighboring peoples,
rose up to conquer them;
became leading power in West
Africa
Sundiata
• Leader of Mali’s rise to
power, king named Sundiata
• After conquest, Sundiata
ruled 25 years
• Story of reign,
accomplishments told in
epic, also called Sundiata
Mali reached its height in the 1300s under the reign of a mansa,
or king, named Musa.
Mansa Musa
A relative of Sundiata, Mansa Musa came to power in 1307.
During his reign, Mali’s territory expanded and its population
grew.
Growing Wealth
• During Musa’s reign, Mali
grew wealthier than ever
• Much wealth came from
taxation of gold-salt trade
• Mali kept order along
Saharan trade routes by
using large army
• Army also kept life in Mali
relatively peaceful
Islam in Mali
• Mansa Musa devout
Muslim
• Introduced into West Africa
by Muslim traders in
Ghana, Islam did not take
hold initially
• In Mali, Islam became
powerful influence,
especially among ruling
class
• 1324, Musa set out on hajj,
pilgrimage to Mecca
Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Musa and entourage impressed people with their lavish
clothing, generous gifts
• Trip to Mecca led to great changes in Mali
• Returning to kingdom, Musa brought artists, architects who
designed beautiful mosques; also built schools, libraries where
people could study Qu’ran, other Islamic writings
Effects Outside Africa
Decline of Mali
• Musa’s hajj brought Mali to
attention of Europe
• Rulers following Musa not as
strong
• Mali began to appear on
European maps for first time
• Several peoples broke away, set
up independent kingdoms
• Within a century, Europeans
began to search West Africa
for source of Mali’s riches
• Mali also invaded from outside
• Among invaders, Tuareg
• 1433, captured Timbuktu, a blow
from which Mali never recovered
Analyze
What effects did Mansa Musa’s travels have
in Mali and Europe?
Answer(s): brought Mali to the attention of
Europeans, who would later travel to West Africa
in search of Mali's riches; made Timbuktu a center
of learning
Empire of Songhai
Songhai
• Songhai existed as small kingdom for centuries, paid tribute to
Ghana, Mali
• Grew wealthy trading goods along Niger River
• Came in contact with Muslim traders; Islam became influence
on culture
Rise of Songhai
• 1460s, rulers had become strong, rich enough to take control
of former empire of Mali
• Songhai’s rise under leadership of military leader, sunni,
named Sunni Ali
Empire of Songhai
Military Leadership
• Ali’s first act as leader: took Timbuktu from the Tuareg
• Led number of campaigns against neighboring peoples to build
empire
• Military success came from army of skilled cavalry, navy of war
canoes
• Conquered new territories, replaced local leaders with Ali’s
own followers
Askia Muhammad
• Songhai’s culture reached height under Askia Muhammad
• Reign considered to be golden age
• During 35 years he ruled, Askia Muhammad expanded
Songhai, strengthened its government
Pilgrimage
• Askia Muhammad, Songhai’s first Muslim ruler
• Islam had been introduced earlier; Sunni Ali never became
Muslim
• To show commitment, Askia Muhammad decided to make
pilgrimage to Mecca
• Traveled through Egypt, gained support of Muslim rulers
Results of Pilgrimage
Trade Resumed
• During pilgrimage, Askia
Muhammad made contact with
traders from North Africa
• Trans-Saharan trade that had
slowed after fall of Mali
resumed once again
• Increased commerce made
Songhai very wealthy kingdom
• Askia Muhammad used wealth
to once again make Timbuktu
center of culture, Islamic
scholarship
Control, Decline
• To secure control of trade,
Askia Muhammad extended
Songhai’s borders north into
desert, home of the Tuareg
• Did not want raiders to interfere
with traveling merchants
• Reformed government, built
offices in capital city of Gao to
oversee trade, agriculture,
military- put family in gvt
positions
• Eventually overthrown by son
• By 1591 empire conquered by
Morocco
Describe
What kind of government did Askia
Muhammad create in Songhai?
Answer(s): strengthened the government,
appointed an official to rule the western part of the
empire
Other West African States
Hausa City-States
• East of Songhai lived people called the Hausa
• Hausa society, based on independent city-states, gained
regional power-people were less likely to revolt
• Each city-state included a group of villages surrounded by
wooden walls, extensive fields
Never United as Empire
• City-states never united into empire, but traded, cooperated with
each other
• Economy based on farming, manufacturing, trade
• Much farm labor performed by enslaved people
Other West African States
Enslaved Peoples, Artisans
• Slaves used to build cities; enslaved became one of Hausa’s
chief exports
• Other important exports included cloth, leather goods
• Hausa known as skilled weavers, dyers
• Cotton cloth dyed dark blue in high demand throughout much of
West Africa
Yoruba Kingdoms
Yoruba
• Another complex society
developed to south of
Songhai among Yoruba
• Yoruba several peoples who
lived in same area, spoke
related languages
• Over time Yoruba
established number of strong
kingdoms
• Most powerful were Ife, Oyo
Artistic Skills
• People of Yoruba kingdoms
widely admired for artistic skills
• Yoruba artists produced
realistic sculptures out of terracotta, bronze, brass, copper;
many depict Yoruba leaders, or
onis
• Materials for statues imported
from Sahara traders, who also
brought salt to region; in return,
Yoruba sent food, ivory north
Kingdom of Benin
•
•
•
•
•
•
Southwest of Yoruba kingdoms, powerful kingdom of Benin
Located deep in forests of Niger delta; powerful state by the 1000s
At heart of kingdom, capital of Benin
Huge city, several miles across, featuring large houses, wide streets
Mid-1400s, ambitious oba, or ruler, Ewuare came to power in Benin
Built powerful army, went to war
Trade with Portuguese
• By Ewuare’s death, Benin
stretched from Niger west into
central Nigeria
• Late 1400s, Portuguese sailors
arrived in Benin
• Benin sold war captives as
slaves
• Continued to trade pepper, ivory,
cotton for gold from Portuguese
Benin Art
• Like Yoruba, people of Benin
known for arts
• Statues of bronze, brass, copper
created to honor notable leaders
• Copper plaques displayed in
cities
• Brought home by Portuguese,
this art became popular in
Europe
Identify
What was one result of contact between
Benin and Portugal?
Answer(s): Trade between Benin and Portugal
began.
GROG 10.3
Using your notes, fill in the
interactive graphic organizer by
comparing and contrasting the
West African empires of Ghana,
Mali, and Songhai.