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World Religions, Sixth Edition Warren Matthews Chapter Ten: Islam This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Arabic Background Arabic society is based on clan and tribe There is no constitution or police protection, only the tribe Loyalty runs both ways Bedouin tribes travel all the time City tribes participate in commerce, putting together caravans for distant trading Arabic Background The city of Mecca has always been a religious and commercial center The Ka´bah was a religious center Originally had 360 idols installed Housed the Black Stone, a symbol of divine power Commercial caravans across Arabia were commonly organized in Mecca The Grand Mosque, Mecca, Site of the Holy Ka´bah Life of Muhammad Born in 570 CE in the city of Yathrib Born after his father's death Sent for six years to live and grow as a bedouin boy Orphaned when his mother died on a trip to Yathrib Raised by his grandfather and then his uncle Life of Muhammad Led caravans for Khadijah, a wealthy widow and trader Muhammad married Khadijah at age twenty-five The two were married for twenty-five years before she died Had at least two sons Had four daughters – Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm-Khulthum, and Fatima Married several other wives later in life All his children except Fatima died before he did Life of Muhammad In 610 CE, Muhammad was meditating in a cave on Mt. Hira Received message from the angel Gabriel Was terrified by the experience Looked for reassurance to a one-god believer Assured him that this was typical of a message from God Accepted by wife Khadijah She encouraged him to proclaim his message Early converts were members of his family and persons of no status Life of Muhammad Leaders in Mecca were unreceptive Especially the Quraysh tribe, the guardians of the Ka´bah Opposition included derision and economic boycott Eventually there were assassination attempts In 620 CE, relatives in Yathrib asked him to arbitrate conflicts He accepted but required them to become Muslims Yathrib became the setting of the Muslims as a community Following an assassination attempt, he left Mecca to locate in Yathrib (which therefore became know as “Medina”) Life of Muhammad Living in Medina Muhammad formed the ummah (the community of Muslims) Continued to receive revelations of parts of the Qur´an Continued to deal with opposition Consolidated rule in Medina Conducted an on-again, off-again war with Mecca Dealt with the other tribes in Arabia Sometimes diplomatically Sometimes militarily Life of Muhammad In 630 CE, Muslims reached a victory at Mecca Meccans negotiated a surrender Ka´bah remained Idols were destroyed Pilgrimage to Mecca remained Continued expansion of Muslims militarily Defeated by the Byzantine empire Muhammad made his farewell pilgrimage to Mecca in 632 CE, delivered a final sermon, and died there The Ascent of Muhammad to Heaven on Buraq, Guided by Gabriel Five Pillars of Islam Shahada – a sincere declaration of faith in the oneness and uniqueness of God, and in Muhammad’s role as messenger of God Salat – prayer in a prescribed manner at five designated times daily Zakat – payment of a portion of one’s income for the support of disadvantaged Muslims Sawm – fasting during the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan Hajj – travel, if one is physically and financially able, at least once in one’s lifetime to the city of Mecca during the month of pilgrimage Muslims Praying in Malaysia Islam After Muhammad The Qur´an is the Word of God It is the very mind of God, which cannot make mistakes nor change It cannot be translated, since God cannot change The Sura (chapters) of the Qur´an are organized by length (not sequence) Many parts of the Qur´an are considered excellent Arabic poetry, although the longer ones less so Some find contradictions in the Qur´an Eighteenth-Century Qur´an created for the Sultan of Morocco Islam After Muhammad The Sunna are collections of reports, or “hadiths,” of the words and actions of Muhammad These do not hold the same weight as the words of God However, they uphold Muhammad as a model He best understood God’s will for a person’s speech and behavior He acted accordingly Islam After Muhammad Caliph (successor) Muhammad did not name a successor Community was split three ways Community chooses best replacement Family member of Muhammad Best among companions Companions chose Abu Bakr Father-in-law to Muhammad Military leader Islam After Muhammad Caliph (successor) Eventually Islam split over whether to follow the designated caliph or a member of Muhammad's family (Ali) Ali and his son were murdered by the caliph's followers Ali's followers left the others and became the Shi´a Muslims Followers of a spiritual leader called an “imam” The others, who followed the caliph, became know as Sunni Islam After Muhammad Expansion under the Caliphs Raids into Byzantium resulted in conquest of the Middle East Egypt and North Africa were conquered Persia fell European advance was checked at Tours in 732 CE Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were tolerated The experiences in governing large areas provoked much thought and development in Islamic thinking Muslim Expansion from Arabia into Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Asia Islam After Muhammad Shari´a Muslim law developed from: Ijma – consensus of Muslim religious specialists Qiyas – drawing analogies from examples in the Qur´an and Sunna to new situations not explicitly mentioned in those texts Ra´y – personal judgment of the arbitrator Islam After Muhammad Schools of Sunni Shari´a Hanafi Maliki Shafi´i Hanbali Comparison of Shi´ites and Sunnis Shi´ites, a minority (10-15 percent), regard themselves as pious, true descendents of Muhammad’s family, guardians of revelations Beliefs include celebration of history of persecution and martyrdom with accompanying rituals of self-flagellation Sunnis reject Shi´ite claims and argue that the caliph need not be a blood relative of Muhammad Rather, for Sunnis, election is a legitimate form for succession Comparison of Shi´ites and Sunnis For Shi´ites, leadership is matter of majority rule They reject Sunni claims for the “hidden imam” who will appear as the Mahdi Shi´ites believe that the Mahdi rules through their imams whereas Sunni caliphs are limited to things such as leading services in the mosque Although they initially divided over questions of proper succession, additional differences developed over time Muslim Spiritual Experiences Sufis are Muslim mystics whose goal was experiencing union with God Al-Ghazali, a highly respected scholar, became interested in mysticism and left teaching to pursue this life Taught that to submit to God and his revelation was highest practice Brought respect to Sufism Overcame tension with the orthodox community Muslim Spiritual Experiences The experience of God is sought by sincere Muslims, though it is second to submission Asceticism, though not a rule, was admired Theology in forms of speculation on nature of God, apologetics, and explanation of devotional life of mystics Dancing Dervishes Whirling into a State of Ecstasy Muslims and Other Religions Conquered persons that were “peoples of the Book” (Jews and Christians) were not required to convert to Islam Instead they paid taxes to retain their faiths They also remained, at best, second-class citizens All others were given the choice of conversion or death Muslims and Other Religions European Crusades Response to stories of the harsh treatment of pilgrims visiting the Holy Lands Answer to appeals for help by the Byzantine Empire Temporary successes Established a Latin Kingdom in Palestine for a short time Marked by massacres and mistreatment by both sides Muslim influence on Architecture at the Alhambra in Grenada, Spain Muslim Responses to Modernism Muhammad Ibn ´Abd al-Wahhab argued for an outright rejection of modernism, espousing a purist, fundamentalist vision of Islam Wahhabism has struck a responsive chord in Saudi Arabia and parts of Africa, India, and Indonesia Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838-1897) was one leader for Muslims in the fight against the colonialism of Muslim territories by European powers Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) in Egypt and Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) in India held that Islam was entirely compatible with rationalism and science The Taj Mahal, the Muslim Mausoleum in Agra, India Islam in the U.S. Muslims of the Midwest are frequently descendants of Syrian and Lebanese Muslims who immigrated to the United States around the turn of the twentieth century Muslims on the East Coast are frequently recent immigrants from more conservative Islamic countries such as Pakistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Islam in the U.S. Black Muslims in the U.S. share the innovative interpretations of Islam offered by early advocates of Black Islam, such as: Noble Drew Ali (1886-1929) Elijah Muhammad (1897-1975) Malcolm X (1925-1965) Two major Black Muslim organizations in the U.S. today: American Muslim Mission, an organization recognized for its orthodoxy by many immigrant Muslims in the United States Nation of Islam, holds innovative interpretations of Islam offered by early Black Islam advocates, led by Louis Farrakhan Islam Worldview Oneness and uniqueness of God upheld as a central conviction Emphasis placed on submission of one’s will to the will of God Annual communal celebrations Id al-Fitr, marking the end of the fast of Ramadan Muhammad’s birthday Judgment occurs after death, determines fate in paradise or hell The World God created a good world Rejected tendency towards pantheism of earlier leaders Islam Worldview Humans are created to enjoy God’s creation All things are good in proper perspective Women are men’s helpers, though they have some privileges Sin is refusal to submit to God Salvation is acknowledging God and his prophet Muhammad Ethics are encouraged through practice of the Five Pillars of Islam, which strengthen success in living Afterlife is dependent on earthly deeds and God’s judgment