* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Culture & Religion - Mr. Hughes' Classes
Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and war wikipedia , lookup
Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe wikipedia , lookup
Islam and violence wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Islamism wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Mormonism wikipedia , lookup
War against Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Islam and modernity wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Somalia wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Sikhism wikipedia , lookup
Liberalism and progressivism within Islam wikipedia , lookup
Schools of Islamic theology wikipedia , lookup
Morality in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamic schools and branches wikipedia , lookup
Gender roles in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and secularism wikipedia , lookup
Globalization & Religion Religion • Religion • A particular system of faith & worship in a Supreme being • Religion • Seeks to embody certain truths that are applicable to all mankind\ • Transnational - spreads & be politicized • Culture - constantly evolving – Religion? Does it evolve? • Religion & Revolution • Market Revolutions; World Wars; = insecurities/conflict in beliefs • Percieved threats caused reactions • Religion is threatened by globalization Globalization & Religion • Positive Globalization • Helped rebuild poor countries (FDI, World Bank) • Acceleration of social mobility (Davos Culture) • Increased communication/ technology • Negative Components of Globalization • Environmental degradation (invasive species, bio-diversity, rain forests) • Economic disparities (parts of a country that are rich) • Popularized pop culture (changing of cultural values) • Challenge: • Globalization (religious) perspective = harmful • Injustices of economic distribution; attack of pop culture on traditions; • Globalization is the greatest perceived threat Religion & Globalization • Religious strategy?: • Globalization has some good; no need to reject the influence • Creation of a happy medium between religion & globalization • Religious Values • Let values/beliefs guide the globalization process – Provide internal cultural checks/balance • Religious centered individuals = • focus on community, harmony, justice, respect, etc… – Provide globalization panacea • Internal change • Narrow thought = limits cooperation • Internalization of moral values Two Perspectives on Religion • Modernist Lens • Early modernists (18th-19th) believed all religion would be secularized (worldly) – Look more like philosophy; rationalization; believe the same – Disseminated from elite to outer fringes of society – Simple view: secularism rules – All fundamentalists (religion) would be exceptions » Fundamentalists may come into conflict with others or globalization • Modernist perspective: conflicts are temporary; unimportant • Religious Fundamentalism • Reaction to secularism; which is supported by globalization – Leaders and elites of the religious culture are irrational; unreasoning • Ultimate view is that secularism will convert the fundamentalist Modernist Lens • Religion corrects Global impurities • Failure of markets; or over aggressive authoritarians change with religious back lash – Corrections are useful and necessary but eventually die out » E.g. failure of communism • Post-Modernists • Core value: expressive individualism – Limited religious constraints; natural worshipping (football, nature; etc) • Highly secular: awaits the disappearance of traditional religion – Globalization will help bring about expressive individualism • U.S. the new post-modernist nations – Sole super power; high tech economy; – Broken down barriers; IMF, WTO, World Bank Religion Challenges • Opposition; globalization • The religions of the world oppose – Revivalists, fundamentalists, – Globalization = threat to religious prosperity – Eliminated religions doctrines & principles • Protestant deformation • Protestantism guiding U.S. globalization; – Rejection of hierarchy = no traditions – Rejection of hierarchy (monopolies/oligopoly) & community (guilds) » Lead to a free market economy » American creed – globalization/secularism (liberal democracy, constitutional law) – Newly found rights; choice; expressive individualism Islam • In three minutes – • Brainstorm and write down everything you know about Islam • Sharing of what you know: Major Beliefs of Islam • Oneness of God • God creator of all things, omniscient, omnipotent, • God has no race, gender, no body, & is not affected by human characteristics • Angels of God • unseen beings who worship God • carry out God's orders throughout the universe. • Gods Holy write • Revealed holy books or write to messengers of God (Several) • Quran (Muhammad), Torah (Moses), Gospel (Jesus), Psalms (David), Scrolls (Abraham) • Only the Quran is in original context Beliefs of Islam • Prophets of God • Gods will given through special messengers; starts with Adam • Shared person: Noah, Moses, Abraham, Jesus • Muhammad is the last of the line • Day of Judgment • Humans judged and sentenced according to their actions • Those who follow God; will be saved; those who reject go to hell • Divine Decree • God's will. • It can be expressed as the belief that everything is governed by divine decree – namely that whatever happens in one's life is preordained • This concept does not negate the concept of "free will” • Since Gods will is not know; humans can choose Major Islamic Practices • Five Pillars acts of Worship • Declaration of Faith (Shahada) • “There is no deity except God and Muhammad is the messenger of God” • Muslims repeat this statement many times a day during their prayers • To be Muslim; One must make this declaration • Prayer (Salat) • brief prayer or ritual worship five times a day: – dawn, noon, late afternoon, sunset and night • Muslims perform ablution; brief washing; hands, mouth, nose, face, arms, feet • The Friday noon prayer is special to Muslims • Face in the direction of Mecca when they pray Muslim Islamic Practice • Charity (Zakat) • Required to give to the poor and needy • Obligatory charity, known as zakat, based on two and a half percent of one's income • Encouraged to give as much as charity through out the year • Fasting (Swam) • Required to fast from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan (July) • People gather in the evenings for a festive breaking of the fast – Eid al-Fitr • Muslims refrain from food, liquid, and sexual activity • Abstain from negative behaviors such as lying, gossip, petty arguments, and negative thoughts or behaviors – Ramadan was the month in which the revelation of the Quran to Muhammad Muslim Islamic Practice • Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) • Every Muslim is required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca • Mecca is home to the first house of worship of God, the Kaaba. • Face towards the Kaaba when they pray • Outward symbols of rank and wealth are erased during the pilgrimage • Eid al-Adha • "Festival of the Sacrifice," is the second major holiday in Islam. • It falls on the tenth day of the month at the conclusion of the pilgrimage • Celebrated by all Muslims with special prayers, feasts, gifts and the sacrifice of an animal Muslim Daily Life • Prohibitions • Everything considered harmful either to the body, mind, soul or society is prohibited – gambling, killing, lying, stealing, cheating, oppressing or abusing others, being greedy or stingy • Role of clergy • No hierarchy of clergy in Islam; Leaders cannot forgive sin • Direct relationship with God without any intermediary; no authority • Scholars – open to interpretation • Conversion to Islam • Encouraged to share their faith with others • not to attack others' beliefs or engage in conflicts or debates about matters of religion Roles of Women in Islam • Muslim Woman have many rights • Including the right to inherit, to work outside the home, and to be educated • Women often have a strong influence in the family, the workplace, the religion and society in general • Marriage • Men and women are not supposed to date; parents arrange marriages in some Muslim countries • The ultimate decision lies with the prospective couple • Often choose their partner on their own – But seek approval of parents • Mutual contract between a man and a woman to live together according to the teachings of Islam • Man responsible for caring for family – Woman’s earnings are her own Roles of Women in Islam • Family is important to Islam • Obligations to parents and other relatives are strongly stressed. • Extended family often live in the same house or neighborhood • Public Life • Muslim women are permitted to participate in all walks of life. • Muslim women have the right to be educated, work outside the home, and contribute to society • Modesty • men and women are to present themselves in modesty • Covering are worn so that women's sexuality will not become a source of temptation – Muslim women view the hijab as liberating • Muslim men and women must observe modesty in their interactions • Avoid any interaction that might lead to sexual or romantic activity THE QUESTION OF HIJAB • "Why do Muslim women have to cover their heads?" • “O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing women to draw their outer garments around them…” • Requirement for modesty – Women will then be evaluated for intelligence and skills instead of looks and sexuality • A woman who covers herself conceals her sexuality & allows femininity to be brought out • “Hijab“ • Arabic word "hajaba" meaning to hide from view or conceal – And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; and that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands..." (Qur'an 24:30-31) Women & Dress • Hijab • Islam has no fixed standard as to the style of dress or clothing that Muslims must wear • Requirement – – Certain parts of the body which must be covered – Clothing must be loose enough so as not to describe the shape of the woman's body • Not excessively fancy and also not excessively ragged • Women should not dress in a way similar to the unbelievers • The basic requirement of the Muslim woman's dress apply to the Muslim man's clothing • Modesty requires that the area between the navel and the knee be covered • Clothing of men should not be tight or provocative • No gold or silk on clothing