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Islam The servant of God should make the Qur’an his guide and his protection. On the Day of Judgment, the Qur’an will precede him and lead him toward Paradise. from The Key to Paradise c. 14th century Origins of Islam •Muhammad, the Prophet •Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula •Early Muslim cities Mecca Spread of Islam •Across Asia and Africa and into Spain Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam • Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina • Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers • Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires. Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam •Monotheism: Allah (Arabic word for God) •Qur’an (Koran): The word of God •Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam Five Pillars of Islam First Pillar: A declaration of faith Second Pillar: Pray five times a day Third Pillar: Give charity (alms) to the poor Fourth Pillar: Fast during the holy month of Ramadan Fifth Pillar: All those who are physically able should make the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development •Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived •Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands •Slavery was not based on race. Historical Turning Points •Death of Ali: Sunni-Shi’a division •Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus •Islamic capital moved to Baghdad •Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours •Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Cultural Contributions and Achievements •Architecture Dome of the Rock Cultural Contributions and Achievements •Mosaics •Arabic alphabet •Universities •Translation of ancient texts into Arabic Scientific Contributions and Achievements •Arabic numerals (adapted from Indian, including zero (1, 2, 3, 4. . . •Algebra x + 5 = 11 •Medicine •Expansion of geographic knowledge How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? • For each of the contributions we discussed, complete the following sentence: • ___________________ was an important Muslim contribution because ______________________________________