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Eastern Philosophies
Erica Urban
Leslie Forster
Makayla Saling
Annie Hathaway
Maureen Mavelle
Ancestor Worship
• Chinese culture, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism all
value filial piety as a top virtue, and the act is a continued
display of piety and respect towards departed ancestors.
• The two major festivals involving ancestor veneration are
the Qingming Festival and the Double Ninth Festival, but
veneration of ancestors is conducted in many other
ceremonies, including weddings, funerals, and triad
initiations.
• Worshipers generally offer prayers and food for the
ancestors, light incense and candles, and burn offerings of
joss paper. These activities are typically conducted at the
site of ancestral graves or tombs, at an ancestral temple, or
at a household shrine.
Ancestor Worship
Buddhism
• 佛教, Fajiao
• It was introduced in South Asia and Central Asia during the
Han Dynasty.
• Can be incorporated into Confucianism, Daoism, and ancestor
worship.
• Most people believe in the eightfold paths and precepts.
• They believe in reincarnation
– It differs from rebirth
– If a person detaches themselves from desires and the self,
they reach nirvana after so many cycles.
Buddhism
• Theravada Buddhism (Southern Buddhism) It is the dominant
school of Buddhism. I was established by monarchies.
• Mahayana Buddhism (Northern Buddhism) China, Japan,
Korea, Tibet and Mongolia.
• Vajrayāna Buddhism (Tantric Buddhism, Mantrayana,
Tantrayana, Esoteric Buddhism, or True Words Sect). Some
see it as part of Mahayana Buddism or some see is as the
Third Buddhist path.
• Tibetan Buddhis This developed to separate themselves from
the Theravada and Mahayana forms of Buddhism.
• Zen Buddhism It developed in the schooling of Mahayana
Buddhism.
Buddhism
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Eightfold Path
1. Know The Truth
2. Resist Evil
3. Say Nothing To Hurt Others
4. Respect Life
5. Work For The Good Of Others
6. Free Your Mind Of Evil
7. Control Your Thoughts
8. Practice Meditation
Precepts
1. Refrain From Taking Life
2. Refrain From Taking Which Is Not Given
3. Refrain From Sensual Misconduct
4. Refrain From Lying
Mahayana Buddhism (Great Vehicle)
• It is one of the most common branches in Buddhism used
today.
• They claim to be founded by the Buddha
– Evidence shows that it originated in South India from
concepts regarding Hinduism which was translated into
Chinese.
• The countries that practice this today are China, Taiwan,
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.
• Sutra- The scriptures are the oral teachings of Gautama
Buddha.
– Mahayana Buddhism – Corresponds to the Pali Canon.
– Pali Canon – Basic teachings such as the Fourth Noble
Truths and Eightfold Path.
Mahayana School
• Promises salvation to those who seek it.
• Bodhisattva Ideal – to liberate all beings from
suffering
• Worldly Bodhisattva – is someone who skips nirvana
and remains on earth by reincarnation to help those
seeking enlightenment and salvation.
•Two schoolings
•Madhyamika represents the
middle view, the middle road, the
path of relativity over extremes
(e.g., extremes like existence vs.
nonexistence, self vs. non-self)
• Yogacara School emphasizes
yoga -- the practice of meditation
Buddhism
Confucianism
• History
– Developed from the teachings of Confucius, a
Chinese philosopher
• He tried to spread his ideas to emperors throughout
China.
• Since second century B.C.E. it has strongly impacted
Chinese culture.
Confucianism
•
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“The School of the Scholars”
Human morality and good deeds.
China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, and Vietnam
5-6 million followers
Philosophy of life
Scriptures
– The Confucian Analects: Bible of Confucianism. Conversations
between Teacher and disciples.
– Lun Yu, and Meng Tzu: Philosophy of Mencius. It gives advice to ruler
of feudal states.
– Ta-Hsueh: Great Learning
– Chung Yung: Doctrine of the Mean. General principles that concern
the nature of mean and right conduct .
Confucianism
•
Six Values
1. Li: Includes rituals, propriety,
etiquette, ect.
2. Hsiao: Love within the family
3. Yi: Righteousness
4. Xin: Honestly and trustworthiness
5. Jen: Benevolence, humaneness
towards others (the highest virtue)
6. Chung: Loyalty to the state
Confucianism
Taoism
• History
– Started with many different sects:
• Heavenly or Celestial Masters: Faith healing through
confession
• Supreme Peace: Launched a revolution
• Mount Mao: Introduced performing rituals
• Marvelous Treasure: Introduced worshiping divinities
• Completely Real: Founded Taoist monastic movement
– Emperor Li Lung- Chi created a Taoist state in which capital
punishment was abolished and animals would be treated
humanly
Taoism
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Is a philosophy and a religion
Tao means path and way and is seen as the force behind
natural order.
Polytheistic and also includes nature and ancestor spirits
Scripture
– Daozang- Treasury of Tao
(Three Parts)
1. Zhen- real, truth
2. Xuan- mystery
3. Shen- divine
Taoism
•
Beliefs
– Wu wei - non-action, effortless doing
– P’u- Simplicity
– Man is microcosm to the universe- meaning that the body
ties into the 5 Chinese elements
– Three Jewels
• Ci – kindness
• Jian – simplicity
• Bugan wei tianxia xian - “not dare to be first in the world”modesty
•
Practices
– Bai bai- bowing to an altar with incense on dates on the
lunar calendar
– On certain dates making sacrifices to the gods including
killing animals or burning images
– On holidays parades are popular
– Practice the art of fortune telling and astrology
– Many martial arts practice are part of Taoism
Taoism
• Symbols
– Taijitu- is the yin and yang symbol
– Bagua- eight trig rams
– 5 elements
• Wood
• Fire
• Metal
• Water
• Earth
Taoism